Topic The article is devoted to defining the boundaries and content of the subject matter of the theory of state and law as an independent legal science. It examines which phenomena and regularities should constitute its subject field, how it relates to other legal disciplines, and to what extent existing approaches to its definition correspond to contemporary realities.

Objectives The aim of the study is to determine the content and boundaries of the subject field of the theory of state and law under current conditions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to analyze existing approaches to defining the subject matter of the theory of state and law, identify problems in distinguishing the subject area of the theory of state and law from other legal sciences, substantiate the criteria for forming the subject field of the theory of state and law, and propose conceptual foundations for updating the subject matter of the theory of state and law in light of contemporary challenges.

Methodology The methodological basis of the research comprises general scientific methods of cognition. Special legal methods are employed: the formal-legal method for analyzing scientific categories, the comparative-legal method for comparing doctrinal approaches, and the historical-legal method for studying the evolution of ideas concerning the subject matter of the theory of state and law.

Results The results of the study indicate that contemporary forms of algorithmic and platform regulation extend beyond the traditional state-law dichotomy, which gives rise to a crisis of basic legal concepts and a methodological gap in legal science. The formation of a parallel normative space is observed, where private actors and digital technologies create their own global rules outside state control. The problem of legitimizing new forms of normativity while maintaining state responsibility for the protection of rights and freedoms is identified. The necessity is substantiated for a conceptual rethinking of the subject matter of the theory of state and law and the expansion of its categorical apparatus to encompass digital and transnational forms of regulation without losing the systematic coherence of theoretical-legal knowledge.

Conclusion The theory of state and law must expand its boundaries to encompass new forms of regulation; otherwise, it risks becoming a science of the past, incapable of explaining the present. The task of contemporary legal science is not to abandon accumulated knowledge, but to supplement it with an understanding of digital reality, where law is created not only in parliaments but also in the server rooms of technology corporations. Only then will lawyers be able to effectively protect human rights in a changed world.

Keywords: theory of state and law, subject matter of science, algorithmic regulation, digitalization of law, platform regulation, legal pluralism, normativity, methodology, transformation of the legal system, legitimation.

References:

Alekseev S.S. (1995) – Theory of Law [Teoriya prava]. – Moscow: BEK, 1995. – 320 p.

Matuzov N.I., Mal’ko A.V. (2004) – Theory of State and Law [Teoriya gosudarstva i prava]. – Moscow: Yurist, 2004. – 245 p.

Cherdantsev A.F. (2001) – Theory of State and Law: Textbook for Universities [Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: Uchebnik dlya vuzov]. – Moscow: Yurayt, 2001. – 432 p.

Kelzen H. (2015) – Pure Theory of Law [Chistoe uchenie o prave], 2nd ed. Transl. from German by M.V. Antonov, S.V. Lyozov. – St. Petersburg: Alef-Press, 2015. – 542 p.

Hart H.L.A. (1961) – The Concept of Law. – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. – 284 p.

Raz J. (1979) – The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. – 292 p.

Genkin A., Mikheev A. (2018) – Blockchain: How It Works and What Awaits Us Tomorrow [Blokcheyn: kak eto rabotaet i chto zhdet nas zavtra]. – Moscow: Al’pina Pablisher, 2018. – 592 p.

Abramov S.G., Dyuflo A., Belykh V.S. et al. (2019) – Legal Regulation of the Digital Economy in Modern Conditions of High-Tech Business Development in National and Global Context [Pravovoe regulirovanie tsifrovoy ekonomiki v sovremennykh usloviyakh razvitiya vysokotekhnologichnogo biznesa v natsional’nom i global’nom kontekste] / ed. by V.N. Sinyukov, M.A. Egorova; Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – Moscow: Prospekt, 2019. – 240 p.

Goloskokov L.V. (2010) – Principles of Network Law [Printsipy setevogo prava] // Principles of Russian Law: General Theoretical and Sectoral Aspects [Printsipy rossiyskogo prava: obshcheteoreticheskiy i otraslevoy aspekty] / N.I. Matuzov, A.V. Mal’ko, K.A. Strus’ et al.; ed. by N.I. Matuzov, A.V. Mal’ko; Saratov State Academy of Law. – Saratov: Izd-vo GOU VPO «Saratovskaya gosudarstvennaya akademiya prava», 2010, pp. 330-356.

Deakin S., Gindis D., Hodgson G.M. (2021) – What is a firm? A reply to Jean-Philippe Robé // Journal of Institutional Economics, vol. 17, 2021, pp. 861–871.

Deakin S. (2024) – The Legal Construction of Management: A Neo-Realist Framing and Genealogical Case Study. – Cambridge, 2024.

Lapidus L.V. (2018) – Digital Economy: Electronic Business and Electronic Commerce Management [Tsifrovaya ekonomika: upravlenie elektronnym biznesom i elektronnoy kommertsiey]. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2018. – 381 p.

Teubner G. (1996) – Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World-Society // Global Law without a State / ed. G. Teubner. – Dartmouth, 1996, pp. 3–28.

Muzhichenko A.V. (2026) – Constitutional Values in the System of Russian Law: From Axiological Guidelines to a Normative Category [Konstitutsionnye tsennosti v sisteme rossiyskogo prava: ot aksiologicheskikh orientirov k normativnoy kategorii] // Art of Jurisprudence [Iskusstvo pravovedeniya], № 1, 2026, pp. 58-66.

Poryvaeva N.F. (2020) – Formalization of Justice in the Era of Technologization [Formalizatsiya spravedlivosti v epokhu tekhnologizatsii] // Legal Values in the Light of New Paradigms of Modern Civilization Development [Pravovye tsennosti v svete novykh paradigm razvitiya sovremennoy tsivilizatsii]: collection of scientific papers / ed. by D.A. Pashentsev. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2020, pp. 282–286.

Khabrieva T.Ya. (2021) – Identification of Law in Modern Social Regulation [Identifikatsiya prava v sovremennoy sotsial’noy regulyatsii] // Voprosy filosofii, № 12, 2021, pp. 5–17.

Tikhomirova Yu.A., Kichigin N.V., Tsomartova F.V., Bal’khaeva S.B. (2021) – Law and Digital Information [Pravo i tsifrovaya informatsiya] // Pravo. Journal of the Higher School of Economics [Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki], № 2, 2021, pp. 4–23.

Morozova N.N. (2022) – Human-Computer Interaction: New Cognitive Metaphors [Vzaimodeystvie cheloveka i komp’yutera. Novye kognitivnye metafory] // Prepodavatel’ XXI vek, № 2, part 2, 2022, pp. 331-340.

Talapina E.V., Yuzhakov V.N., Chereshneva I.A. (2023) – Human Rights in the Context of Digitalization [Prava cheloveka v usloviyakh tsifrovizatsii]. – Moscow: Izdatel’skiy dom «Delo», 2023. – 77 p.

Glushkova S.I., Letunov E.D. (2020) – Development of a New Generation of Human Rights in the Digital Age [Razvitie novogo pokoleniya prav cheloveka v epokhu tsifrovykh tekhnologiy] // Bulletin of the University of Humanities [Vestnik Gumanitarnogo universiteta], № 4 (31), 2020, pp. 16-28.

Sinitsyn S.A. (2020) – Russian and Foreign Civil Law in the Context of Robotization and Digitalization [Rossiyskoe i zarubezhnoe grazhdanskoe pravo v usloviyakh robotizatsii i tsifrovizatsii]: Experience of Interdisciplinary and Sectoral Research. – Moscow: Infotropik Media, 2020. – 212 p.

Dushkin R.V. (2019) – Artificial Intelligence [Iskusstvennyy intellekt]. – Moscow: DMK Press, 2019. – 280 p.

Morkhart P.M. (2017) – Problems of Determining Legal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Actions [Problemy opredeleniya yuridicheskoy otvetstvennosti za deystviya iskusstvennogo intellekta] // Law and State: Theory and Practice [Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika], № 9, 2017, pp. 70-74.

Krysanova N.V. (2021) – On the Issue of Legal Personality and Legal Development of Artificial Intelligence [K voprosu o pravosub’’ektnosti i pravovom razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta] // Social Sciences and Humanities. Domestic and Foreign Literature. Series 4: State and Law [Sotsial’nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Seriya 4: Gosudarstvo i pravo]: Abstract Journal, № 1, 2021, pp. 23-31.

Kravets I.A. (2022) – Digital Constitutionalism: Methodological and Legal Aspects [Tsifrovoy konstitutsionalizm: metodologicheskie i pravovye aspekty] // State and Law [Gosudarstvo i pravo], № 1, 2022, pp. 19–33.

Ibragimov (2026) – Issues of the Concept of Digital Constitutionalism as an Ideology Determining Legal Behavior in the Virtual Environment [Voprosy kontseptsii tsifrovogo konstitutsionalizma kak ideologii, determiruyushchey pravopovedenie v virtual’noy srede] // State Power and Local Self-Government [Gosudarstvennaya vlast’ i mestnoe samoupravlenie], № 1, 2026, pp. 5–16.

References:

Suprunov, Vasilyeva (2019) – Suprunov A. G., Vasilyeva U. V. The History of Iran’s First Constitution: A Look Through the Lens of Civil Liberties [Istoriya sozdaniya pervoy Konstitutsii Irana: vzglyad skvoz prizmu grazhdanskikh svobod] // Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika: Vestnik Nizhegorodskoy akademii MVD Rossii. 2019. №4 (48). P. 98–103.

Huntington (2025) – Huntington S. Clash of Civilizations [Stolknoveniye tsivilizatsiy]. M.: AST, 2025. P. 640.

Abrahamian (1982) – Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press, 1982. P. 561.

Ardic (2012) – Nurullah Ardic. Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century. Routledge, 2012. P. 394.

Beattie (2000) – Beattie, Kirk J. Egypt during the Sadat years. New York: Palgrave, 2000. P. 340.

Diamantides, Gearey (2011) – Marinos Diamantides, Adam Gearey. Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge–Cavendish, 2011. P. 280.

Kamali (1985) – M. H. Kamali. Law in Afghanistan: A Study of the Constitutions, Matrimonial Law and the Judiciary, 1985. P. 276.

Keddie (1995) – N. Keddie. Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. P. 313.

Olivier (2007) – Roy Olivier. Secularism confronts Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. P. 128.

Poullada (1973) – Poullada, Leon B. Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929. N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973. P. 318. // Пуллада (1973) – Пуллада, Леон Б. Реформы и восстание в Афганистане, 1919–1929. Нью–Йорк: Издательство Корнеллского университета, 1973. Стр. 318.

Subject/Topic This article examines the emergence and role of provisions on the supremacy of Islamic law in the constitutions of Muslim–majority states. It focuses on the historical origins and political functions of the constitutions of Iran, Egypt, and Afghanistan.

Goals/Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons and methods for incorporating provisions on the rule of Islamic law into the constitutions of Muslim–majority countries. To achieve this goal, we conducted a comparative analysis of the constitutions of Iran, Afghanistan, and Egypt. We also assessed the level of religious influence and its correlation with the number of rights enshrined in these constitutions. We also examined the political and social context for the adoption of these constitutions.

Methodology The methodology is based on an analysis of primary sources and literature. The work also employs a comparative approach to the analysis of specific constitutions in Iran, Egypt, and Afghanistan.

Conclusions The study found that provisions on the rule of Islamic law are often introduced during periods of political transformation and serve as a compromise between competing political camps. These provisions legitimize reforms, take into account the interests of religious groups, and strengthen political power.

Keywords: Islamic constitutionalism, provisions on the supremacy of Islam, Islamization of constitutions, Sharia, comparative constitutional studies, political compromise, Islamization, colonialism.

References:

Suprunov, Vasilyeva (2019) – Suprunov A. G., Vasilyeva U. V. The History of Iran’s First Constitution: A Look Through the Lens of Civil Liberties [Istoriya sozdaniya pervoy Konstitutsii Irana: vzglyad skvoz prizmu grazhdanskikh svobod] // Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika: Vestnik Nizhegorodskoy akademii MVD Rossii. 2019. №4 (48). P. 98–103.

Huntington (2025) – Huntington S. Clash of Civilizations [Stolknoveniye tsivilizatsiy]. M.: AST, 2025. P. 640.

Abrahamian (1982) – Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press, 1982. P. 561.

Ardic (2012) – Nurullah Ardic. Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century. Routledge, 2012. P. 394.

Beattie (2000) – Beattie, Kirk J. Egypt during the Sadat years. New York: Palgrave, 2000. P. 340.

Diamantides, Gearey (2011) – Marinos Diamantides, Adam Gearey. Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge–Cavendish, 2011. P. 280.

Kamali (1985) – M. H. Kamali. Law in Afghanistan: A Study of the Constitutions, Matrimonial Law and the Judiciary, 1985. P. 276.

Keddie (1995) – N. Keddie. Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. P. 313.

Olivier (2007) – Roy Olivier. Secularism confronts Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. P. 128.

Poullada (1973) – Poullada, Leon B. Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919–1929. N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973. P. 318. // Пуллада (1973) – Пуллада, Леон Б. Реформы и восстание в Афганистане, 1919–1929. Нью–Йорк: Издательство Корнеллского университета, 1973. Стр. 318.

Subject/topic The rapid development of decentralized digital spaces – metaverses, the spread of Web3 projects has led to a crisis in the traditional paradigm of personal data protection, which has historically been focused on a centralized model of information processing.

Goals/objectives This article is devoted to a fundamental change in doctrinal approaches in legal science, taking into account systemic scientific and technological changes associated with the use of distributed registry technologies.

Methodology The study used dialectical, systemic, comparative legal, statistical methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis.

Conclusion. The architecture of Web3.0 generates such systemic contradictions as uncertainty about legal liability in the absence of a single operator, the unenforceability of the right to be forgotten, non-compliance with the principle of minimizing data processing, and the impossibility of territorial jurisdictional binding. Based on a comparative analysis of the legal experience of the European Union, the United States, Great Britain, South Korea, and Russia, proposals for the legal protection of digital identity have been formulated, taking into account the methodology of legal engineering. The concept of dynamic consent management (South Korean experience) and mandatory preventive assessment of privacy risks (UK experience) can be considered positive regarding decentralized digital systems.

Keywords. personal data, metaverse, Web3.0, digital identity, decentralized systems, blockchain, neurodata, privacy protection, and legal engineering.

References:

Dmitrik (2023) – Dmitrik N.A. Private, public, digital: in search of a coordinate system for law [Chastnoye, publichnoye, tsifrovoye: v poiskakh sistemy koordinat dlya prava]// Law [Zakon]. – 2023. – № 12. – pp. 15-28.

Yang (2024) – Yang Tianfang. Control in decentralized autonomous organizations: theoretical and practical perspectives [Upravleniye v detsentralizovannykh avtonomnykh organizatsiyakh: teoreticheskiye i prakticheskiye perspektivy] // Modern corporate law: a historical connecting thread [Sovremennoye korporativnoye pravo: istoricheskaya svyazuyushchaya nit]: a collection of articles / comp. and ed. Doctor of Jurid. Sciences, Professor I.S. Shitkina. – Moscow: Statute, 2024. – pp. 221-233.

Westin (1967) – Westin A. F. Privacy and Freedom. – New York: Atheneum, 1967. – 487 p.

Solove (2006) – Solove D. J. A Taxonomy of Privacy // University of Pennsylvania Law Review. – 2006. – Vol. 154. – P. 477–560.

Bygrave (2014) – Bygrave L. A. Data Privacy Law: An International Perspective. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

De Filippi, Wright (2018) – De Filippi P., Wright A. Blockchain and the Law: The Rule of Code. – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018. – P. 145-150.

Purtova (2018) – Purtova N. The law of everything. Broad concept of personal data and future of EU data protection law // Law, Innovation and Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 10, №1. – P. 40–81.

Egliston, Carter (2024) – Egliston B., Carter M. ‘The metaverse and how we’ll build it’: The political economy of Meta’s Reality Labs // New Media & Society. – 2024. – Vol. 26 (8). – P. 4336–4360.

Acquisti, Brandimarte, Loewenstein (2015) – Acquisti A., Brandimarte L., Loewenstein G. Privacy and Human Behavior in the Age of Information // Science. – 2015. – Vol. 347. – № 6221. – P. 509–514.

Nissenbaum (2010) – Nissenbaum H. Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life. — Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010. – 304 p.

Weinberger (2022) – Weinberger M. What Is Metaverse? – A Definition Based on Qualitative Meta-Synthesis // Future Internet. – 2022. – Vol. 14. – № 11. – Art. 310.

Casino, Dasaklis, Patsakis (2019) – Casino F., Dasaklis T. K., Patsakis I. P. A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications // Telematics and Informatics. – 2019. – Vol. 36. – P. 55–81.

Demkin (2024) – Demkin V. O. Digital identity and digital personality image: legal characteristics and place in the system of related categories [Tsifrovaya identichnost’ i tsifrovoy obraz lichnosti: pravovyye kharakteristiki i mesto v sisteme smezhnykh kategoriy]// Bulletin of the RUDN University. Series: Law [Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Pravo.]. – 2024. – Vol. 28, №. 3. – pp. 518-527.

Godyn, Kedziora, Ren. et al. (2022) – Godyn M., Kedziora M., Ren Y. et al.  Analysis of solutions for a blockchain compliance with GDPR // Scientific Reports. – 2022. – Vol. 12. – Art. 15021.

Kumarapeli, Jung, Lindeman (2024) – Kumarapeli D., Jung S., Lindeman R. W. Privacy threats of behaviour identity detection in VR // Frontiers in Virtual Reality. – 2024. – Vol. 5. – Art. 1197547.

Talapina (2021) – Talapina E. V. Comparative Digital Law: Formation and Prospects [Sravnitel’noye tsifrovoye pravo: stanovleniye i perspektivy] // Journal of Russian Law [Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava]. – 2021. – № 9. – pp. 25–42.

Kim, Lee (2024) – Kim H., Lee J. South Korea’s metaverse industry: legal challenges and the role of the state // Telecommunications Policy. – 2024. – Vol. 48, №3. – Art. 102687.

López Rodríguez (2024) – López Rodríguez A. M. Towards a Lex Metaversi? The law applicable to virtual real estate in the metaverse // Interactive Entertainment Law Review. – 2024. – Vol. 7, №2. – P. 110–121.

Sorrentino, López-Guzmán (2025) – Sorrentino G., López-Guzmán J. Rethinking privacy for avatars: biometric and inferred data in the metaverse // Frontiers in Virtual Reality. – 2025. – Vol. 6. – Art. 1520655.

Rorman (2008) – Rorman B. Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being. – Durham : Duke University Press, 2008. – 216 p.

Savelyev (2021) – Savelyev A. I. Scientific and Practical Article-by-Article Commentary on the Federal Law on Personal Data [Nauchno-prakticheskiy postateynyy kommentariy k Federal’nomu zakonu o personal’nykh dannykh]. – 2nd edition, revised and expanded. – Moscow: Statut [Statut], 2021. – 468 p.

Subject/topic This academic article examines the criteria for the protectability of non-technical, substantive results of intellectual activity. This paper examines in detail the criteria for the protectability of a system of copyright objects, which are subject to incorporation into a new system of objects, and also identifies additional criteria for the protectability of non-technical substantive results of intellectual activity.

Goals/objectives To identify the criteria for protectability under the new system for the protection of non-technical, substantive results of intellectual activity. The objectives of this article are: to analyse the criteria for the protectability of copyrighted works; to define the scope of works covered by the new protection system; to identify additional criteria for protectability required for a group of works that are currently inadequately protected; to identify problems; and to determine the inadequacy of copyright protection for substantive results of intellectual activity.

Methodology In preparing this academic article, an analytical approach was employed with regard to the criteria for the protectability of copyrighted works; legal provisions were interpreted; and a comparative analysis was conducted of the criteria for the protectability within the copyright system alongside additional criteria proposed by the author. The study is based on current legislation governing intellectual property rights and the legal doctrine relating to the criteria for protectability, to which a method of theoretical analysis was applied.

Results/conclusions It is confirmed that substantive non-technical results of intellectual activity do not currently receive adequate legal protection. The article argues for the need to adopt three criteria for the protectability of copyrighted works from the existing copyright system for a new copyright protection framework. Additional copyright criteria for the protectability of non-technical, substantive results of intellectual activity are established. The article examines in detail the necessary criteria for protectability under the new protection system, and also draws attention to the fact that the need to protect substantive, non-technical results of intellectual activity has existed for quite some time.

Keywords: results of intellectual activity, criteria for protection, security system, intellectual property, creative nature.

References:

Revinskiy (2000) – Revinskiy O.V. Legal Aspects of Delimiting Protectable Solutions in the Field of Computer Technologies [Pravovye aspekty otgranicheniya okhranosposobnykh resheniy v oblasti komp’yuternykh tekhnologiy]: thesis … Candidate of Legal Sciences: 12.00.03 / O.V. Revinskiy; Russian Agency for Patents and Trademarks (ROSPATENT), Russian Institute of Intellectual Property (RIIS). – M., 2000. – 144 p.

Evdokimov (2015) – Evdokimov R.A. Legal Regulation of Computer Program Protection (Theoretical and Practical Issues) [Pravovoe regulirovanie okhrany komp’yuternykh programm (teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy)]: thesis … Candidate of Legal Sciences: 12.00.03 / R.A. Evdokimov; Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property. – M., 2015. – 213 p.

Gavrilov (2015) – Gavrilov E.P. Intellectual Property Law. General Provisions. XXI Century [Pravo intellektual’noy sobstvennosti. Obshchie polozheniya. XXI vek]. – M.: Yurservitum, 2015. – 492 p.

Kopylov (2020) – Kopylov A.Yu. Specifics of Creativity in Works of Science, Literature and Art as a Condition for Granting Them Copyright Protection [Spetsifika tvorchestva v proizvedeniyakh nauki, literatury i iskusstva kak usloviya predostavleniya im avtorsko-pravovoy okhrany] // Scientific Journal «Epomen» [Nauchnyy zhurnal «Epomen»]. 2020. No. 41. P. 308-319.

Revinskiy (2010) – Revinskiy O.V. Computer Software as Part of a Company’s Property [Komp’yuternoe programmnoe obespechenie v sostave imushchestva firmy] // Property Relations in the Russian Federation [Imushchestvennye otnosheniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii]. 2010. No. 2 (101). P. 28-36.

Shtukarev (2025) – Shtukarev V.S. System of Intellectual Rights Objects [Sistema ob”ektov intellektual’nykh prav] // Copyright [Kopirayt]. 2025. No. 3. P. 84-92.

Savelyev (2023) – Savelyev A.I. Legal Regime of Preparatory Materials Obtained in the Course of Computer Program Development [Pravovoy rezhim podgotovitel’nykh materialov, poluchennykh v khode razrabotki programmy dlya EVM] // Law [Zakon]. 2023. No. 9. P. 47-57.

Shcherbak (2008) – Shcherbak N.V. Conditions of Protectability of Copyright Objects [Usloviya okhranosposobnosti ob”ektov avtorskogo prava] // Moscow University Bulletin. Series 11. Law [Vestn. Mosk. un-ta. Ser. 11. Pravo]. 2008. No. 5. P. 30-48.

Subject/Topic. The article addresses the reasons for the emergence and the chronology (stages) of the formation by the Ministry of Digital Development of the list of socially significant services, access to which is provided during the suspension of mobile radiotelephone services («white lists»). It analyzes the legal nature of the Ministry’s «white list» in light of competition protection legislation.

Goals/Objectives. The aim of the article is to determine the legal nature of the Ministry of Digital Development’s «white list» and its impact on competition in the transport services sector. The research tasks include analyzing the legal nature of the «white list», correlating this phenomenon with the institution of state (municipal) preferences, and determining its influence on competition, including in the transport services sector.

Methodology. The article employs formal-legal, logical, and normative-doctrinal methods of scientific inquiry.

Results/Conclusions. The author concludes that, by its substantive nature and legal consequences for competition, including within the digital economy framework, the inclusion of an economic entity in the «white list» constitutes a new form of state preference. This form has not yet been reflected in the Competition Protection Law but has a significant impact on competition, including in the transport services sector.

Keywords: competition, preference, Ministry of Digital Development «white list», economic entity, transport services

References:

Aivazovskaya (2024) – Aivazovskaya I.M. Legal Status of Business Entities Eligible for State or Municipal Preferences // Law and Economics. [Pravovoe polozhenie hozyajstvuyushchih sub”ektov, imeyushchih pravo na poluchenie gosudarstvennyh ili municipal’nyh preferencij // Pravo i ekonomika] – 2024. – № 9. – pp. 74-80.

Aivazovskaya (2023) – Aivazovskaya I.M. Anti-crisis measures to support business entities under the antimonopoly legislation of Russia // Law and Business. [Antikrizisnye mery podderzhki sub”ektov predprinimatel’stva po antimonopol’nomu zakonodatel’stvu Rossii // Pravo i biznes] – 2023. № 1. – pp. 36-40.

Ayvazyan (2022) – Ayvazyan I.M. Legal aspects of antimonopoly compliance requirements for the provision of state or municipal preferences in order to support small and medium-sized businesses // Entrepreneurial Law. [Pravovye aspekty soblyudeniya antimonopol’nyh trebovanij k predostavleniyu gosudarstvennyh ili municipal’nyh preferencij v celyah podderzhki sub”ektov malogo i srednego predprinimatel’stva // Predprinimatel’skoe pravo] – 2022. – № 1. – pp. 60-67.

Bashlakov-Nikolaev (2021) – Bashlakov-Nikolaev I.V. On Compensation for Damage in the Case of Lawful Restriction of Competition in the Russian Federation // Entrepreneurial Law. [O kompensacii ushcherba v sluchae pravomernogo ogranicheniya konkurencii v Rossijskoj Federacii // Predprinimatel’skoe pravo] – 2021. – № 1. – pp. 66-74.

Bashlakov-Nikolaev I.V., Maksimov S.V. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the Application of Antimonopoly Legislation by Courts: Scientific and Practical Commentary. Moscow: Prospekt. [Postanovlenie Plenuma Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii o primenenii sudami antimonopol’nogo zakonodatel’stva: nauchno-prakticheskij kommentarij. Moskva: Prospekt] – 2022. – 184 p.

Belov V.A. «Actions» or «Activities»? On the Problem of Legal Facts in Competition Law // Zakon. [«Dejstviya» ili «deyatel’nost’»? K probleme yuridicheskih faktov konkurentnogo prava // Zakon] – 2024. – № 7.  – pp. 43-58.

Bochinin (2022) – Bochinin I.P. Legal Consequences of the Unauthorized Provision of State and Municipal Preferences // Russian Competition Law and Economics. [Pravovye posledstviya nepravomernogo predostavleniya gosudarstvennyh i municipal’nyh preferencij // Rossijskoe konkurentnoe pravo i ekonomika] – 2022. – № 3. – pp. 22-27.

Bochinin (2021) – Bochinin I.P. State and Municipal Preferences: Influence on Competition // Russian Competition Law and Economics. [Gosudarstvennye i municipal’nye preferencii: vliyanie na konkurenciyu // Rossijskoe konkurentnoe pravo i ekonomika] – 2021. – № 3 (27). – pp. 84-89.

Burnos, Oshueva (2025) – Burnos E.N., Oshueva V.V. «Blocking» of websites in the field of transport services as a way to prevent illegal passenger transportation: following the law enforcement practice // Law and Practice. [Blokirovka» sajtov v sfere transportnyh uslug kak sposob presecheniya nezakonnyh passazhirskih perevozok: po sledam pravoprimenitel’noj praktiki // Pravo i praktika] – 2025. – № 3. – pp. 134-143.

Korovina (2016) – Korovina K.S. State or Municipal Preferences: Concept and Problems of Granting // Competition Law. [Gosudarstvennye ili municipal’nye preferencii: ponyatie i problemy predostavleniya // Konkurentnoe pravo] – 2014. – № 3. – pp. 27-31.

Koshel, Kuzminov, Kruchinskaya, Lesiv (2025) – Koshel A., Kuzminov Ya., Kruchinskaya E., Lesiv B. Search for Regulatory Optimum of Digital Platforms Activities (Comparative Analysis) // Pravo. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. [Kuz’minov Ya., Kruchinskaya E., Lesiv B. Poisk regulyatornogo optimuma deyatel’nosti cifrovyh platform (sravnitel’nyj analiz) // Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshej shkoly ekonomiki] – 2025. – №. 2. – pp. 4-58.

Plekhanov (2015) – Plekhanov D. A. On Some Issues of Granting State and Municipal Preferences // Actual Problems of Russian Law. [O nekotoryh voprosah predostavleniya gosudarstvennyh i municipal’nyh preferencij // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava] – 2015. – № 9. – pp. 103-107.

Popondopulo, Petrov, Silina (2025) – Popondopulo V.F., Petrov D.A., Silina E.V. The Development of Competition as the Goal of the New Legislation on the Platform Economy in the Russian Federation // Competition Law. [Razvitie konkurencii kak cel’ novogo zakonodatel’stva o platformennoj ekonomike v Rossijskoj Federacii // Konkurentnoe pravo] – 2025. – № 4. – pp. 2-5.

Chornovol (2020) – Chornovol E.P. Provision of State and Municipal Preferences to Business Entities in the Russian Federation: Legal Aspects // Bulletin of Science. [Predostavlenie gosudarstvennyh i municipal’nyh preferencij hozyajstvuyushchim sub”ektam v Rossijskoj Federacii: pravovye aspekty // Vestnik nauki] – 2020. – Vol. 2. – № 12(33). – pp. 131-146.

Shipunov (2012) – Shipunov V.A. Antimonopoly Regulation of State and Municipal Preferential Treatment // Financial Control. [Antimonopol’noe regulirovanie predostavleniya gosudarstvennyh i municipal’nyh preferencij // Finansovyj kontrol’] – 2012. – № 8.

Subject/topic Historical development trends and current trends in the development of legal regulation of public relations regarding artificial intelligence.

Goals/objectives Identification of general trends, patterns and specifics in the development of legal regulation of public relations regarding artificial intelligence in the modern period in their correlation with global and regional trends, identification on this basis of the most significant problems in the harmonization of legal regulation of public relations regarding artificial intelligence in Russia at the present time and forecast for the near future.

Methodology The main provisions and conclusions of the socio–deterministic epistemology of socio–state phenomena, a dialectical, system–functional approach to their cognition, the position of the criteria of objectivity, conformity to truth, historical truth, logic, consistency, unity of logical and historical are used as the basis for the study.

Conclusions/significance The methodological aspects of the dialectic of legal regulation of relations regarding artificial intelligence, their consideration in the doctrines of law, in legal science, the main approaches and ways of regulating these public relations are considered and analyzed. The legal structure of legal institutions in the era of AI represents a political and economic choice that determines the shape of the society of the future: rental taxation or universal creative creation. The task of law is not to slow down technological progress, but to direct it in a safe and fair direction, ensuring a balance of interests of all participants in the distributed creative process. In order to overcome the negative phenomena taking place today in order to ensure the effectiveness of legal regulation of public attitudes towards artificial intelligence, it is necessary to make a methodological shift in economic lawmaking, during which the transition from reactive regulation to predictive and adaptive regulation is carried out: modeling the consequences of draft laws, monitoring law enforcement (“digital twins”), “regulatory archaeology”. The integration of AI into the legal system is an irreversible and multidimensional process. Its success depends on the ability to find a balance between technological efficiency and fundamental humanistic principles, innovation and security, algorithm autonomy and human control.

Keywords: Russia, the system of Russian law, legal regulation, artificial intelligence.

References:

Zakharova, Ivanova (2024) – Zakharova O.M., Ivanova S.I. Legal regulation of deepfakes: comparison of Russian and foreign experiences [Pravovoe regulirovanie dipfejkov: sravnenie rossijskogo i zarubezhnogo opytov] // Academy of Law [Akademiya prava]. 2024. №1. S. 34–42

Bostrom (2016) – Bostrom, N. Artificial intelligence. Stages. Threats. Strategies [Iskusstvennyj intellekt. Ehtapy. Ugrozy. Strategii] / N. Bostrom. Moskva: Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2016. 490 s.

Kodaneva (2020) – Kodaneva S.I. Artificial intelligence in public administration and justice [Iskusstvennyj intellekt v gosudarstvennom upravlenii i pravosudii] // State and law in the new digital reality: a monograph / under the general editorship of Dr. Yurid. I.A. Umnova–Konyukhova and Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor D.A. Lovtsov [Gosudarstvo i pravo v novoj cifrovoj real’nosti: monografiya / pod obshch. red. d–ra yurid. nauk, prof. I.A. Umnovoj–Konyukhovoj i d–ra tekhn. nauk, prof. D.A. Lovcova]. M., 2020. 259 s.

Melyukhin (1999) – Melyukhin I.S. Information Society: Origins, Problems, development trends [Informacionnoe obshchestvo: istoki, problemy, tendencii razvitiya] / I.S. Melyukhin. Moscow: Moscow University Press [M.: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta], 1999. 206 c.

Naumov (2020) – Legal and ethical aspects related to the development and application of artificial intelligence and robotics systems: history, current state and development prospects: monograph / under the general editorship of V.B. Naumov [Pravovye i ehticheskie aspekty, svyazannye s razrabotkoj i primeneniem sistem iskusstvennogo intellekta i robototekhniki: istoriya, sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya: monografiya / pod obshch. red. V.B. Naumova]. Saint Petersburg: NP–Print [Sankt–Peterburg: NP–Print], 2020. 260 s.

Winston (1980) – Winston, P.G. Artificial Intelligence / P.G. Winston; translated from English by V.L. Stefanyuk; edited by D.A. Pospelov [Iskusstvennyj intellekt / P.G. Winston; per. s angl. V.L. Stefanyuka; pod red. D.A. Pospelova]. Moscow: Mir [M.: Mir], 1980. 519 s.

Ekimova (2019) – Digital Economy and artificial intelligence: new challenges of the modern world economy: a monograph / [Ekimova K.V., Lukyanov S.A., Smirnov E.N. et al.; edited by K.V. Ekimova et al.]; State University of Management, Institute of Economics and Finance [Cifrovaya ehkonomika i iskusstvennyj intellekt: novye vyzovy sovremennoj mirovoj ehkonomiki: monografiya / [Ekimova K.V., Luk’yanov S.A., Smirnov E.N. i dr.; otv. red. K.V. Ekimova i dr.]; Gosudarstvennyj universitet upravleniya, Institut ehkonomiki i finansov]. Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “State University of Management [Moskva: FGBOU VO “Gosudarstvennyj universitet upravleniya”], 2019. 180 s.

Zhizhina (2022) – Zhizhina M.V., Zav’yalova D.V. Investigation of crimes in the field of computer information in the Russian Federation and foreign countries: a monograph [Rassledovanie prestuplenij v sfere komp’yuternoj informacii v Rossijskoj Federacii i zarubezhnykh stranakh: monografiya]. Moscow: Prospekt [M.: Prospekt], 2022. 136 s.

Korabel’nikov (2022) – Korabel’nikov S.M. Criminal and legal protection of information relations: textbook [Ugolovno–pravovaya zashchita informacionnykh otnoshenij: ucheb. pos.]. Moscow: Prospekt [M.: Prospekt], 2022. 96 s.

Ponkin 2018) – Ponkin I.V., Red’kina A.I. Artificial intelligence from the point of view of law [Iskusstvennyj intellekt s tochki zreniya prava] // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Ser. “Legal Sciences” [Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. «Yuridicheskie naukI»]. 2018. T. 22. №1. S. 91–109.

Uzhov (2017) – Uzhov F.V. Artificial intelligence as a subject of law [Iskusstvennyj intellekt kak sub”ekt prava] // Gaps in Russian legislation [Probely v rossijskom zakonodatel’stve]. 2017. №3. S. 357–360.

Kolobov (2024) – Kolobov, R.YU. Law and artificial Intelligence: a monograph / R.YU. Kolobov, M.G. Tirskikh, R.YU. Hertuev; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk Scientific Center, Laboratory of Legal Research of High–tech Industries [and others] [Pravo i iskusstvennyj intellekt: monografiya / R.YU. Kolobov, M.G. Tirskikh, R.YU. Khertuev; Rossijskaya akademiya nauk, Sibirskoe otdelenie, Irkutskij nauchnyj centr, Laboratoriya pravovykh issledovanij vysokotekhnologichnykh otraslej proizvodstva [i dr.]. Irkutsk: IGU Publishing House [Irkutsk: Izdatel’stvo IGU], 2024 (Irkutsk). 107 s.

Ignackaya (2005) – Ignackaya M.A. New economics: the experience of structural and functional analysis [Novaya ehkonomika: opyt strukturno–funkcional’nogo analiza]. Moscow: Editorial URSS [M.: Editorial URSS], 2005. 304 s.

Kastel’s (2000) – Kastel’s M. The Information Age: economics, society and culture: a monograph [Informacionnaya ehpokha: ehkonomika, obshchestvo i kul’tura: monografiya. M.: Kastel’s; / per. s angl. pod nauch.red. O.I. Shkaratana]. Moscow: Castells; / translated from English. under the scientific editorship of O.I. Shkaratan. Moscow: Higher School of Economics [M.: GU VSHEH], 2000. 608 s.

Avdokushin (2009) – New Economy / ed. Prof. E.F. Avdokushina, Prof. V.S. Sizova [Novaya ehkonomika / pod red. Prof. E.F. Avdokushina, prof. V.S. Sizova]. Moscow: Magister [M.: Magistr], 2009. 543 s.

Kuchukov (2010) – Kuchukov R. Modernization of the economy: problems, tasks [Modernizaciya ehkonomiki: problemy, zadachi] // The Economist [Ehkonomist]. 2010. №1. S. 20–29.

Kuzyk (2009) – Kuzyk B.N. Innovative development of Russia: a scenario approach: A scientific report at the general meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 16, 2008 / Institute of Economic Strategies [Innovacionnoe razvitie Rossii: scenarnyj podkhod: Nauchnyj doklad na obshchem sobranii RAN 16 dekabrya 2008 g. / Institut ehkonomicheskikh strategij] // Economic strategies [Ehkonomicheskie strategii]. 2009. № 1. 31 s.

Majminas (1997) – Majminas E. Information society and the paradigm of economic theory [Informacionnoe obshchestvo i paradigma ehkonomicheskoj teorii] // Economic issues [Voprosy ehkonomiki]. 1997. № 11. S. 86–95.

Subject/Topic This article examines administrative liability for the use of land plots in violation of their intended uses and purposes.

The author analyzes the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, where administrative liability for the misuse of land plots has been challenged.

Goals/objectives The purpose of this article is to analyze the key issues that arise when imposing administrative liability for the misuse of land plots, as well as to develop proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practices.

Methodology In preparing the article, general scientific (observation, comparison, description, analysis, synthesis) and specific scientific (formal–legal, comparative–legal) methods of cognition were used.

Results/conclusions An analysis of judicial practice shows that the heterogeneity of law enforcement practices regarding administrative liability for the improper use of land plots is due to the lack of a clear regulatory definition of “permitted use.” By ignoring the need to clarify terminology and procedures following the reform of cadastral legislation, legislators effectively delegated this task to the judicial system. Until then, dispute resolution should rely on actual compliance with urban planning regulations as the primary criterion for the legality of land use for its intended purpose.

Keywords: administrative liability, targeted use of land plots, type of permitted use of land plots, administrative procedures.

References:

Zubarev (2025) – Zubarev S.M. Administrative–legal relations [Administrativno–pravovy`e otnosheniya] // Administrative law of the Russian Federation: textbook: in 2 volumes / eds. S. M. Zubarev, L. L. Popov. Moscow: Prospect. Vol. 1. 2024. 469 p.; Vol. 2. 2025.

Kuzmicheva, Kalinina (2000) – Kuzmicheva G.A., Kalinina L. A. Administrative liability [Administrativnaya otvetstvennost`]. Moscow: Jurisprudence, 2000.

Lipsky (2026) – Lipsky S.A. Legal support for land management and cadastres: a textbook [Pravovoe obespechenie zemleustrojstva i kadastrov: uchebnoe posobie] / S. A. Lipsky. – 2nd ed., corrected. and additional – Moscow: INFRA–M, 2026.

Nobel (2020) – Nobel A.R. The Importance of the Principles of Proceedings in Cases of Administrative Offenses [Znachenie principov proizvodstva po delam ob administrativny`x pravonarusheniyax] // Administrative Law and Process. 2020.

Rogacheva (2013) – Rogacheva O.S. Current Issues of the Effectiveness of Administrative Liability Norms [Aktual`ny`e problemy` e`ffektivnosti norm ob administrativnoj otvetstvennosti] // In: Innovations in the Science and Practice of Administrative Law: A Collection of Scientific Papers Dedicated to the Memory of Yu. M. Kozlov (VI Kozlov Readings) / Compiled and Edited by E. P. Andryukhin. Moscow: Publishing Center of O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), 2013.

Rossinsky (2025) – Rossinsky B.V. Administrative Law and Administrative Liability: A Lecture Course [Administrativnoe pravo i administrativnaya otvetstvennost`: kurs lekciĭ]. 3rd ed. – Moscow: Norma: INFA–M, 2025.

Rossinsky (2020) – Rossinsky B.V. “Administrative and Legal Aspects of Public Administration in Russia. Systemic Approaches.” (Chapter 2. Administrative Liability in the Public Administration System) [Administrativno pravovy`e aspekty` gosudarstvennogo upravleniya v Rossii. Sistemny`e podxody` (Glava 2. Administrativnaya otvetstvennost` v sisteme gosudarstvennogo upravleniya)]. – Moscow: Norma: INFA–M, 2020.

Serkov (2012) – Serkov P.P. Administrative liability in Russian law: modern understanding and new approaches [Administrativnaya otvetstvennost` v rossijskom prave: sovremennoe osmy`slenie i novy`e podxody`]. – Moscow: Norma: INFA–M, 2012.

Starilov (2007) – Starilov Yu.N. Administrative procedures as a legal means of ensuring the legality of public administration [Administrativny`e procedury` kak pravovoe sredstvo obespecheniya zakonnosti publichnogo upravleniya] // Legal science and reform of legal education. Issue 21: “Legal nihilism” and “sense of legality” in Russia: relationship, meaning and forms / edited by Yu. N. Starilov. Voronezh: Publishing house of Voronezh State University, 2007.

Shergin (2010) – Shergin A.P. Problems of the effectiveness of administrative liability in the works of Professor L.L. Popov [Problemy` e`ffektivnosti administrativnoj otvetstvennosti v trudax professora L.L. Popova] // Development of the science of administrative law. Materials of the round table dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation L.L. Popov: collection of scientific works. M.: Elit, 2010.

Subject/Topic This article addresses the problem of determining the standard of proof in cases challenging administrative offense rulings issued in judicial proceedings, specifically those under Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, generated automatically by automated weigh–in–motion and dimension control stations. This pertains to evidence of the presence or absence of the constituent elements of an administrative offense, as well as the allocation of the burden of proof.

Goals/Objectives The article aims to analyze current judicial practice in cases challenging administrative fines for oversize/overweight loads, determine the standard of proof for this category of cases considering the objective elements of the offense, grounds for overturning administrative offense rulings, and to provide practical recommendations for effectively protecting the rights and legitimate interests of individuals subjected to administrative liability.

Methodology. The preparation of this article utilized formal–legal, logical, and normative–doctrinal methods of scientific cognition, as well as an analysis of judicial practice.

Results/Conclusions The authors conclude that, given the divergent judicial practice in cases challenging administrative offense rulings under Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, it is necessary for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to establish and communicate a unified approach to the standard of proof for this category of cases to the courts of general jurisdiction, thereby ensuring the predictability of justice and genuine judicial protection for conscientious freight carriers.

Keywords: administrative offense, Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, oversized/overweight cargo, weight/size control point, standard of proof

References:

Alexikov, Leskin, Gofman, Leskina, Bormotov (2025) – Alexikov S.V., Leskin A.I., Gofman D.I., Leskina L.M., Bormotov S.N. Justification of Requirements for Roadways on Sections with Automatic Weighing and Dimension Control Points // Vestnik of Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. [Obosnovanie trebovanij k proezzhej chasti avtomobil’nyh dorog na uchastkah s avtomaticheskimi punktami vesogabaritnogo kontrolya] // [Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno–stroitel’nogo universiteta]. – 2025. – Vol. 27. – № 4. – S. 221–232.

Burnos, Vertinsky, Oshuеva (2026) – Burnos E.N., Vertinsky O.E., Oshuеva V.V. The Alphabet of Appealing Decisions on Administrative Offenses Provided for by Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation // Economics. Business. Banks. [«Azbuka» osparivaniya postanovlenij ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah, predusmotrennyh stat’ej 12.21.1 Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah] // [Ekonomika. Biznes. Banki]. – 2026. – № 1(79). – S. 25–39.

Vasilevich (2020) – Vasilevich S.G. Presumption of Innocence as a Fundamental Principle of Punishment // Vestnik of Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. [Prezumpciya nevinovnosti kak fundamental’nyj princip nakazaniya] // [Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii]. – 2020. – № 3 – S. 126–134.

Volkova (2021) – Volkova I.V. The Principle of Presumption of Innocence in Administrative Proceedings and Problems of its Implementation // Law and State: Theory and Practice. [Princip prezumpcii nevinovnosti v administrativnom sudoproizvodstve i problemy ego realizacii] // [Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika]. – 2021. – № 2 (194). – S. 159–152.

Kudryavtseva, Kudryavtseva (2023) – Kudryavtseva K.R., Kudryavtseva K.R. Problems of Modifying Administrative Offense Law: The Factor of Digital Technologies // Administrative Law and Procedure. [Problemy modifikacii administrativno–deliktnogo prava: faktor cifrovyh tekhnologij] // [Administrativnoe pravo i process.]. – 2023. – № 4. – S.77 – 81.

Lizunov, Kharitonov, Krasavin (2023) – Lizunov A.S., Kharitonov A.O., Krasavin N.N. Specific Aspects of Bringing Individuals to Administrative Liability for Offenses Recorded Using Automatic Photo and Video Recording Devices // Advocate Practice. [Otdel’nye aspekty privlecheniya k administrativnoj otvetstvennosti lic za sovershenie pravonarushenij, zafiksirovannyh s ispol’zovaniem sredstv foto–, videofiksacii, rabotayushchih v avtomaticheskom rezhime] // [Advokatskaya praktika]. – 2023. – № 4. – S. 51 – 55.

Mazhinskaya, Mazhinsky (2020) – Mazhinskaya N.G., Mazhinsky R.A. Problems of Appealing the Administrative Liability of a Carrier–Employer for Offenses Provided for by Chapter 12 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation// Law and Economics. [Problemy obzhalovaniya privlecheniya k administrativnoj otvetstvennosti perevozchika–rabotodatelya za pravonarusheniya, predusmotrennye glavoj 12 Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah] // [Pravo i ekonomika]. – 2020. – № 8. – S. 50 – 54.

Markelova (2021) – Markelova A.A. On the Issue of Compensation for Harm Caused by Erroneous Administrative Coercion. Commentary on the Ruling of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 18.05.2018 № 305–ES17–21628 in the Context of the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated 15.07.2020 № 36–P // Vestnik of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. [K voprosu o vozmeshchenii vreda, prichinennogo oshibochnym administrativnym prinuzhdeniem. Kommentarij k Opredeleniyu Sudebnoj kollegii po ekonomicheskim sporam VS RF ot 18.05.2018 № 305–ES17–21628 v kontekste Postanovleniya KS RF ot 15.07.2020 № 36–P] // [Vestnik ekonomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossijskoj Federacii]. – 2021. – №. 2. – S. 5 – 33.

Nobel (2021) – Nobel A.R. Presumption of Innocence as a Principle of Proceedings in Cases of Administrative Offenses (The title is incomplete in the original Russian text provided) // Administrative Law and Process. [Prezumpciya nevinovnosti kak princip proizvodstva po delam ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah] // [Administrativnoe pravo i process]. – 2021. – № 1. – S. 30–34.

Pankin (2022) – Pankin S.S. Legal basis for the fixation of administrative offenses in the field of road traffic by special technical means operating in automatic mode, equipped with photo and film recording, video recording functions // Road Traffic Safety. [Pravovye osnovy fiksacii administrativnyh pravonarushenij v oblasti dorozhnogo dvizheniya special’nymi tekhnicheskimi sredstvami, rabotayushchimi v avtomaticheskom rezhime, imeyushchimi funkcii foto– i kinos”emki, videozapisi] // [Bezopasnost’ dorozhnogo dvizheniya]. – 2022. – № 2. – S. 44–47.

Plastinina (2018) – Plastinina N. Excess weight – a reason for a fine // Administrative Law. [Lishnij ves – povod dlya shtrafa] // [Administrativnoe pravo]. – 2018. – № 3. – S. 85–94.

Reshetnyak (2023) – Reshetnyak V.I. Problems associated with the application of information technologies in cases of bringing citizens and legal entities to administrative responsibility // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. [Problemy, svyazannye s primeneniem informacionnyh tekhnologij po delam o privlechenii grazhdan i yuridicheskih lic k administrativnoj otvetstvennosti]. // [Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktik] – 2023. – №. 3. – S. 87–91.

Smolyakov (2019) – Smolyakov P.N. Liability of legal entities for offenses recorded by special technical means // Actual Problems of Russian Law. [Otvetstvennost’ yuridicheskih lic za pravonarusheniya, fiksiruemye special’nymi tekhnicheskimi sredstvami] // [Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava]. – 2019. – № 12. – S. 11–16.

Khusyaynova, Kagamluk (2020) – Khusyaynova S.G., Kagamluk M.Yu. Ensuring legality by the prosecutor in the sphere of creation and operation of photo and video recording complexes for traffic violations // Legality. [Obespechenie prokurorom zakonnosti v sfere sozdaniya i ekspluatacii kompleksov fotovideofiksacii narushenij pravil dorozhnogo dvizheniya] // [Zakonnost’]. – 2020. – № 7. – S. 12–14.

Yachmenev (2024) – Yachmenev G.G. Problematic issues of applying the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (as amended by Federal Law № 70–FZ of March 26, 2022) in the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Arbitration Disputes. [Problemnye voprosy primeneniya Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah (v redakcii Federal’nogo zakona ot 26.03.2022 № 70–FZ) v praktike Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii] // [Arbitrazhnye spory]. – 2024. – № 3. – S. 126–173.

Subject/Topic The subject of the study is the protection of the rights of employees when they are dismissed on the initiative of the employer due to circumstances of an industrial nature. The main focus of the article is on legal norms. Regulating the grounds for dismissal, as well as problems that arise when applying them in practice.

Goals/objectives The purpose of the study is to analyze the practice of applying labor legislation governing the dismissal of employees at the initiative of the employer, as well as to identify problems that arise during their implementation. The main objectives of the study are to analyze the current legislation regulating the grounds and procedure for dismissal at the initiative of the employer; to investigate judicial practice in disputes related to the dismissal of employees at the initiative of the employer; to identify the main approaches of courts to resolving this category of labor disputes; Identify typical problems and gaps in law enforcement faced by employees and employers.

Methodology The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of various approaches to the interpretation of legal norms and their application in judicial practice, as well as an empirical analysis of employee dismissal cases, as well as a method of systematization and generalization of the data obtained.

Conclusion. The study in question focuses on the analysis of the enforcement of labor legislation governing the dismissal of employees at the initiative of the employer in connection with circumstances of an industrial nature. The main focus is on identifying problems and gaps in the protection of workers’ rights, as well as developing recommendations for improving legislation and judicial practice to ensure fairness and transparency of dismissal procedures.

Keywords: liquidation of the organization, reduction, employee, employer, labor legislation, dismissal.

References:

Sokolov (2025) – Sokolov D.P. Contradictions and prospects of replacing labor with capital in the context of the introduction of artificial intelligence [Protivorechiya i perspektivy` zameshheniya truda kapitalom v usloviyax vnedreniya iskusstvennogo intellekta]. Economy. Business. Cans [E`konomika. Biznes. Banki]. 2025. No. 3 (77). pp. 29-39.

Vasiliev (2018) – Vasiliev M.V. Forced liquidation of a legal entity [Prinuditel`naya likvidaciya yuridicheskogo licza] / M.V. Vasiliev, E.B. Abakumova // Law and economics [Pravo i e`konomika]2018.No.11.pp.52-58.

Purge (2024) – Purge A.R. The legal basis of the parties’ interaction in remote labor relations [Pravovy`e osnovy` vzaimodejstviya storon v distancionny`x trudovy`x otnosheniyax]. A modern lawyer [A modern lawyer]. 2024. No. 1 (46). pp. 88-104.

Kirsanova (2016) – Kirsanova D.A. Comparative characteristics of special assessment of working conditions, workplace certification and state examination of working conditions [Sravnitel`naya xarakteristika special`noj ocenki uslovij truda, attestacii rabochix mest i gosudarstvennoj e`kspertizy` uslovij truda]. Modern Lawyer [Sovremenny`j yurist]. 2016. No. 3 (16). pp. 102-109.

Khokhlov (2015) – edited by E.B. Khokhlov. Commentary to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation [Kommentarij k Trudovomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii] / Moscow: Norma, 2015. – 848 p.

Kostyan (2008) – Kostyan I.A. Termination of an employment contract [Prekrashhenie trudovogo dogovora]. Moscow: MTSFER Publishing House, 2008. 456 p.

Bugrov (2013) – Bugrov L.Y. Employment contract in Russia and abroad [Trudovoj dogovor v Rossii i za rubezhom]. Monograph / L.Y. Bugrov. Perm: Perm State University Press, 2013. 641 p.

Demidov (2019) – Demidov N.V. Familiarization of an employee with the rules of internal labor regulations: an analysis of judicial practice [Oznakomlenie rabotnika s pravilami vnutrennego trudovogo rasporyadka: analiz sudebnoj praktiki]. Modern Lawyer [Sovremenny`j yurist]. 2019. No. 2 (27). pp. 133-139.

Polevoy (2018) – Polevoy S.A. The impact of remuneration on the motivation of project team members: a moral aspect [Vliyanie oplaty` truda na motivaciyu chlenov komandy` proekta: nravstvenny`j aspect]. Economy. Business [E`konomika. Biznes. Banki]. Cans. 2018. No. S4. pp. 76-80.

Lovshakova (2020) – Lovshakova S.V. Features of the concepts of “reduction of numbers” and “reduction of staff” [Osobennosti ponyatij «sokrashhenie chislennosti» i «sokrashhenie shtata»] // Modern civics [Sovremennaya civilistika]. 2020. No. 1. pp. 62-66.

Subject/Topic. The subject of the study is social relations associated with the establishment and implementation of the legal status of persons participating in the use of assisted reproductive technologies.

Objectives/Task. The aim is to analyze the concept and features of legislative consolidation of the use of assisted reproductive technologies, to formulate the problems of legal implementation and ways to resolve them.

Methodology. Overcoming the problem of biological, and in some cases, social loneliness, has become possible thanks to the development of so-called assisted reproductive technologies, that is, technological capabilities that allow a child to be born based on the genetic material of a potential parent, which means the actual exercise of their right to found their own family. However, the legal status of participants in reproductive relationships has not yet been systematically and fully defined. This paper examines the concept of assisted reproductive technologies (hereinafter ART), identifies some issues regarding legal implementation in the field of ART, and proposes solutions.

Keywords: the right to found one’s own family, assisted reproductive technologies, sources of legal regulation, legal status, potential parents, genetic parents, donor, surrogate mother.

References:

Sokolov (2025) – Sokolov K., Sovkova A. A donor with a cancer-causing gene mutation became the father of 197 children in Europe [Donor s privodyashchey k raku gennoy mutatsiyey stal ottsom 197 detey v Yevrope] // RBC. – 12/10/2025.

Rashidkhanova (2005) – Rashidkhanova D.K. Problems of legal regulation of relations during medical intervention in human reproductive processes. [Problemy pravovogo regulirovaniya otnosheniy pri proizvodstve meditsinskogo vmeshatel’stva v reproduktivnyye protsessy cheloveka] – Makhachkala, 2005. – 189 p.

Malinovskaya (2007) – Malinovskaya E.G. Contractual regulation of family relations in Russia and Belarus [Dogovornoye regulirovaniye semeynykh otnosheniy v Rossii i Belarusi]: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2007. – 165 p.

Mitryakova (2006) – Mitryakova E.S. Legal regulation of surrogacy in Russia [Pravovoye regulirovaniye surrogatnogo materinstva v Rossii]: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Tyumen, 2006. – 175 p.

Alborov (2018) – Alborov S.V. Legal and individual regulation of surrogacy [Pravovoye i individual’noye regulirovaniye surrogatnogo materinstva]: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2018. – 243 p.

Gorbunova (2020) – Gorbunova O.V. Agreement on the storage of human embryos when using assisted reproductive technologies [Dogovor khraneniya embrionov cheloveka pri primenenii vspomogatel’nykh reproduktivnykh tekhnologiy]: dis. …. Cand. of Law. – Ulyanovsk, 2020. – 216 p.

Purge (2022) – Purge A.R. The main problems of surrogacy in the civil law of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation: theory and practice of using assisted reproductive technologies [Osnovnyye problemy surrogatnogo materinstva v grazhdanskom prave Respubliki Tadzhikistan i Rossiyskoy Federatsii: teoriya i praktika primeneniya vspomogatel’nykh reproduktivnykh tekhnologiy]: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Dushanbe, 2022. – 449 p.

Shestak (2025) – Shestak V.A. On the issue of legal regulation of reproductive technologies in Russia. // Formation and development of the legal profession: the legacy of generations: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference. [Stanovleniye i razvitiye professii yurista: naslediye pokoleniy: sbornik nauchnykh trudov po materialam II Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii] Tambov: Derzhavinsky Publishing House, 2025. Pp. 250-257. P. 252.

Subject of Research The article examines substantive criminal law and criminal procedural issues arising from infringements of intellectual property rights committed with the use of artificial intelligence technologies, primarily in relation to Articles 146 and 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the related rules on digital evidence.

Purpose and Objectives The purpose of the study is to develop a practically applicable model for distinguishing liability between the direct perpetrator, an indirect participant in the digital infrastructure, and the victim, and to formulate specific amendments to current legislation.

Methodology The research is based on formal legal, systemic, comparative legal, and law–enforcement methods. Its source base includes Russian constitutional, criminal, procedural, and civil legislation, judicial interpretations, official court statistics, international legal instruments, and Russian–language legal scholarship.

Key Findings It is substantiated that, in AI–mediated infringements, central importance attaches to establishing a human control decision, distinguishing between the use of a protected object and the use of a digital tool, identifying the criteria for holding indirect participants liable, and adapting criminal procedure to the seizure and examination of logs, metadata, and model–related data.

Conclusions The current wording of Articles 146 and 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation generally allows their application to AI–mediated acts; however, it does not provide sufficient precision in distinguishing roles, especially with regard to digital intermediaries and platforms.

Keywords: criminal liability; intellectual property rights; artificial intelligence; digital evidence; indirect participants; victim.

References:

Begishev & Khisamova (2021) – Begishev I.R., Khisamova Z.I. Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Law [Iskusstvennyy intellekt i ugolovnyy zakon]: monograph. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2021. – 192 p.

Titov (2024) – Titov S.N. Criminal Legal Protection of Intellectual Property in the Context of Digital Transformation and the Emergence of the Information Society [Ugolovno–pravovaya okhrana intellektual’noy sobstvennosti v usloviyakh tsifrovoy transformatsii i stanovleniya informatsionnogo obshchestva]: monograph. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2024. – 288 p.

Gantemirov (2023) – Gantemirov K.R. Problems of the normative legal regulation of criminal legal protection of patent rights objects under Article 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [Problemy normativnogo pravovogo regulirovaniya ugolovno–pravovoy okhrany ob’’ektov patentnykh prav po stat’e 147 UK RF] // Pravo i upravlenie [Law and Management]. – 2023. – No. 7. – Pp. 161–165.

Prosekov (2017) – Prosekov S.A. The problem of intellectual property rights protection in contemporary China [Problema zashchity prav intellektual’noy sobstvennosti v sovremennom Kitae] // Ekonomika. Biznes. Banki [Economics. Business. Banks]. – 2017. – No. S8. – Pp. 77–84.

Eminov (2017) – Eminov A.N. Protection of intellectual property rights in innovative entrepreneurship and business [Okhrana prav intellektual’noy sobstvennosti v innovatsionnom predprinimatel’stve i biznese] // Ekonomika. Biznes. Banki [Economics. Business. Banks]. – 2017. – No. S8. – Pp. 94–98.

Kupriyanova & Nikolyukin (2020) – Kupriyanova L.M., Nikolyukin S.V. On certain aspects of the legal regime of industrial property [K voprosu o nekotorykh aspektakh pravovogo rezhima promyshlennoy sobstvennosti] // Sovremennyy yurist [Modern Lawyer]. – 2020. – No. 3 (32). – Pp. 28–35.

Chernichkina (2020) – Chernichkina G.N. On the legal nature of services rendered by a state body for introducing the exclusive right to patent law objects into civil circulation [O pravovoy prirode uslug, okazyvaemykh gosudarstvennym organom dlya vvedeniya v grazhdanskiy oborot isklyuchitel’nogo prava na ob’’ekty patentnykh prav] // Sovremennyy yurist [Modern Lawyer]. – 2020. – No. 3 (32). – Pp. 45–59.

Iskakova & Kashkin (2020) – Iskakova Zh.T., Kashkin S.Yu. Modern copyright law and the problems of artificial intelligence development [Sovremennoe avtorskoe pravo i problemy razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta] // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA) [Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)]. – 2020. – No. 2. – Pp. 43–52. – DOI: 10.17803/2311–5998.2020.66.2.043–052.

Gallyamova (2023) – Gallyamova A.A. Copyright in works created using artificial intelligence technologies [Avtorskoe pravo na proizvedeniya, sozdannye s ispol’zovaniem tekhnologiy iskusstvennogo intellekta] // Obrazovanie i pravo [Education and Law]. – 2023. – No. 4. – Pp. 240–248. – DOI: 10.24412/2076–1503–2023–4–240–248.

Subject/Topic This article examines legal issues related to the formation of the bankruptcy estate in personal insolvency proceedings, as well as the specifics of including and excluding the debtor’s property from the bankruptcy estate within insolvency procedures.

Purpose/Objectives The main purpose of the study is to analyze the legal regulation of the formation of the bankruptcy estate in personal bankruptcy proceedings. To achieve this goal, the study addresses the analysis of bankruptcy legislation, civil procedural legislation and enforcement legislation, as well as the identification of legal conflicts in determining the property that cannot be subject to foreclosure.

Methodology The methodological basis of the research includes formal–legal, comparative–legal and systemic methods of scientific analysis.

Conclusions The study concludes that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of the formation of the bankruptcy estate and to ensure the uniformity of judicial practice in personal bankruptcy cases.

Keywords: personal bankruptcy, bankruptcy estate, debtor’s property, enforcement proceedings, debt restructuring.

References:

Karelina (2019) – Karelina S.A. Insolvency (bankruptcy): A training course. In 2 volumes. [Nesostoyatelnost (bsnkrotstvo) Uchebnyy kurs. V 2 t.]. Moscow, Sytatut. 2019– 53 p.

Sukhanov (2019) – Sukhanov E.A. Civil Law. [Grazhdanskoe pravo]. Moscow, Statut, 2019 – 496 p.

Egorov (2021) – Egorov A.V. Bankruptcy of Citizens: Theory and Practice. [Bankrotstvo grazhdan: teoriya i praktika]. Moscow, Norma, 2021 – 256 p.

Ivanov (2022) – Ivanov A.A. Problems of the Formation of the Bankruptcy Estate in the Bankruptcy of Citizens. [Problemy formirovaniya konkursnoy massy v bankrotstve grazhdan]. Journal of Russian Law, 2022, No. 6 – pp. 55–63.

Vitryansky (2020) – Vitryansky V.V. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. [Kommentariy k Federalnomu zakonu “O nesostoyatelnosti (bankrotstve)”]. Moscow. Statut. 2020 – 150 p.

Popova (2021) – Popova A.V. Restructuring of a Citizen’s Debts as a Rehabilitation Procedure in Bankruptcy Proceedings. [Restrukturizatsiya dolgov grazhdanina kak reabilitatsionnaya protsedura v dele o bankrotstve]. Yurist. 2021. No. 5 – pp. 34–40.

Egorov (2021) – Egorov A.V. Bankruptcy of Citizens. [Bankrotstvo grazhdan]. Moscow. Norma. 2021 – pp. 100–120.

Karpov (2021) – Karpov S.A. Bankruptcy of Citizens in Russian Law. [Bankrotstvo grazhdan v rossiyskom prave]. Moscow. Yurait. 2021 – pp. 118–120.

Ivanov (2022) – Ivanov A.A. Problems of Personal Bankruptcy. [Problemy bankrotstva fizicheskikh lits]. Journal of Russian Law. 2022. No. 6 – pp. 30–36.

Kostina, Lyubanov (2019) – Kostina O.V., Lyubanov V.E. Implementation of the principle of good faith in cases of insolvency (bankruptcy) of an inherited estate. Modern Lawyer. 2019. No. 1 (26). pp. 46–60