Subject/topic The article aims to identify the formal and legal aspects of the Pragmatic sanction of Justinian in 554 and its role in the reintegration of Italy into Byzantium after the Gothic War, including the restoration of the Late Roman administrative, fiscal, and socio-economic system.

Objectives/goals The aim of the work is to identify reintegration measures in relation to the Apennine Peninsula through the prism of Pragmatic Sanction as a regulatory act of the transitional period, its functions (compensatory, regulatory, ideological), as well as an assessment of socio-economic consequences, including the cancellation of Totila’s reforms and the restoration of slave-owning relations.

Methodology The analysis of Pragmatic sanction is based on a historical-materialistic approach and an understanding of the dialectical nature of the movement of social matter. For the reconstruction of legal norms and their application, both general scientific methods and private scientific methods (formal legal, comparative legal) are used.

Results/conclusions The Pragmatic sanction was aimed at canceling the transformations of Totila’s regime, while reflecting the contradictions of Justinian’s internal policy, which included both progressive elements and attempts to preserve existing socio-economic and political realities.

Keywords: The Pragmatic sanction of 554, Byzantine Italy, Justinian, the Gothic War, Totila, property rights, slavery, early feudal relations.

References:

Murdoch (2006) – Murdoch A. The Last Roman: Romulus Augustulus and the Decline of the West / Adrian Murdoch. – Stroud: Sutton Publ., 2006. – 190 p.

Korsunsky, Günter (1984) – Korsunsky, A., Günter, V. The Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Emergence of Germanic Kingdoms [Upadok i gibelʹ Zapadnoj Rimskoj imperii i vozniknovenie germanskikh korolevstv]. Moscow, 1984.

Shkarenkov (2005) – Shkarenkov, P.P. Translatio imperii: Flavius Cassiodorus and the Roman tradition in Ostrogothic Italy [Translatio imperii: Flavij Kassiodor i rimskaya traditsiya v ostgotskoj Italii]. // New Historical Herald [Novyj istoricheskij vestnik]. 2005. No. 13. Pp. 5–22.

Udaltsova (1958) – Udaltsova, Z.V. Justinian’s Pragmatic Sanction on the Organisation of Italy [Pragmaticheskaya sanktsiya Yustiniana ob ustrojstve Italii] // Soviet Archaeology [Sovetskaya arkheologiya]. 1958. No. 28. Pp. 317–332.

Grigorieva (2007) – Grigorieva S.N. The role of the church in shaping the paradigm of Justinian the Great’s society [Rolʹ tserkvi v formirovanii paradigmy sotsiuma Yustiniana Velikogo] // Bulletin of Omsk University [Vestnik Omskogo universiteta]. 2007. No. 3. Pp. 107–110.

Uspensky (2025) – Uspensky, F.I. History of the Byzantine Empire in 8 volumes. Volume 2 [Vizantijskoj imperii v 8 t. Tom 2]. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. 167 pp.

Skazkin (1967) – History of Byzantium [Istoriya Vizantii]. Ed. S.D. Skazkin. Vol. 1. Moscow: Nauka, 1967. 524 pp.

Levchenko (1940) – Levchenko M.V. History of Byzantium. A Brief Essay [Istoriya Vizantii. Kratkij ocherk]. Moscow-Leningrad, 1940. 264 pp.

Udaltsova (1965) – Udaltsova Z.V. Justinian’s Legislative Reforms [Zakonodatelʹnye reformy Yustiniana] // Byzantine Chronicle [Vizantijskij vremennik]. Vol. XXVI. 1965. pp. 3-45;

Udaltsova (1967) – Udaltsova Z.V. Legislative Reforms of Justinian [Zakonodatelʹnye reformy Yustiniana] // Byzantine Chronicle [Vizantijskij vremennik]. Vol. XXVII. 1967. pp. 3-37.

Pöppel (2016) – Pöppel, M. The Pragmatic Sanction of 554 AD. Studies on Justinian’s Italian Policy // Regensburg: Regensburg University Library, 2016. 254 p.

Iustiniani novellae / Ed. Schoell R. et Krollg. // Mommsen Th., Krueger P. Corpus Iuris Civilis. Berlin, 1895. II. Appendix constitutionum dispersarum. P. 799-801.

Udaltsova (1959) – Udaltsova Z.V. Italy and Byzantium in the 6th century [Italiya i Vizantiya v VI veke] // Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. 544 p.

Udaltsova (1958) – Udaltsova Z.V. Socio-economic transformations in Italy during the reign of Totila [Cotsialʹno-ekonomicheskie preobrazovaniya v Italii v period pravleniya Totily] // Byzantine Chronicle [Vizantijskij vremennik]. 1958. Volume XIII. P. 9-27.

Procopius (1950) – Procopius of Caesarea. The War with the Goths [Vojna s gotami]. Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. 516 pp.

Subject/topic The article analyzes the problem of compensation for damage caused as a result of an accident with a wild animal on a toll road, difficulties in proving the guilt of the owner of the toll road and the causal relationship between damage and improper fulfillment by the owner of his obligations to maintain the road, and share the burden of proof.

Goals/objectives. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze contradictions and legal uncertainties arising in cases of compensation for damage caused as a result of an accident with a wild animal on a toll road, as well as justify proposals for their elimination. The objectives of the study include an analysis of the current legislation governing relations arising from the use of toll roads, as well as compensation for damage caused as a result of an accident with a wild animal on a toll road, and judicial practice.

Methodology In preparing the article, formal-legal, logical and normative-doctrinal methods of scientific knowledge, as well as analysis of statistics and judicial practice, were used.

Results/conclusions The author concludes that different judicial practice indicates legal uncertainty in the regulation of relations arising from obligations as a result of harm arising from accidents with wild animals on toll roads. It is necessary to obtain at the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation a single legal guideline, including in determining the legal qualification of the content of the obligations of the owner of the toll road to users, a list of circumstances subject to mandatory establishment in this category of cases, and a fair distribution of the burden of proof.

Keywords: wild animal, road accident, toll road, compensation for harm, consumer protection

References:

Makarova (2025) – Makarova A.K. Separate theoretical and practical problems of legal regulation of the protection of wild animals//Actual problems of Russian law and legislation: Collection of materials of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference, Krasnoyarsk, April 25, 2025. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology, 2025. – pp. 92-95.

Yarmiev, Rakhimov (2025) – I.Z. Yarmiev, I.I. Rakhimov. Accidents involving wild animals//Natural and technical sciences. – 2025. – № 1(200). – pp. 135-138.

Selezneva, Grigorieva (2020) – Selezneva A.V., Grigorieva T.Yu. Assessment of the effectiveness of measures to reduce the number of accidents involving wild animals//European Journal of Natural History [European Journal of Natural History]. – 2020. – № 2. – pp. 90-95.

Kashkina, Khandogina (2013) – Kashkina E.V., Khandogina A.V. On the issue of road safety//Transport law. – 2013. – № 2. – pp. 16-19.

Trofimenko, Lelyukhin (2016) – Trofimenko Yu.V., Lelyukhin A.M. Animal crossings as a method of reducing accidents on roads//Bulletin of the Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University (MADI). – 2016. – № 1(44). – pp. 114-122.

Selezneva, Karev (2019) – Selezneva A.V., Karev S.V. Solving the problem of road accidents involving wild animals//Scientific Review. Pedagogical sciences. – 2019. – № 2-3. – pp. 78-82.

Poltoratskaya, Sinitsyna, Chursina (2018) – Poltoratskaya A.V., Sinitsyna K.I., Chursina A.S. Features of legal qualification of harm to wild animals//Youth of Siberia – science of Russia: materials of the international scientific-practical conference, Krasnoyarsk, April 24, 2018. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology, 2018. – pp. 198-200.

Chashchina, Demidov (2025) – Chashchina A.V., Demidov D.V. System of measures to ensure traffic safety in places where vehicles run over wild animals//Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – T.4, No. 5 (86). – pp. 2177-2182.

Gestovt, Guznei (2023) – Gestovt P., Guznei S. Accidents involving wild animals: patterns and comparative analysis//Science and Innovation. – 2023 – № 8. – pp. 70-75.

Turishcheva (2020) – Turishcheva A.A. On the prevention of road accidents involving wild animals in the Russian Federation//Road safety. – 2020. – № 19. – pp. 208-219.

Talitsina (2023) – Talitsina Yu.V. Road traffic accidents involving wild animals//Constitution of the Russian Federation – the legal basis for the sustainable development of legislation and Russian statehood (on the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation): Collection of works of the XX All-Russian December legal readings in Kostroma. All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Kostroma, December 07-08, 2023. – Kostroma: Kostroma State University, 2024. – pp. 333-339.

Shlyakhtun (2024) – Shlyakhtun M.R. Some aspects of committing traffic accidents with wild animals//Scientific search for cadets: Collection of materials of the International Scientific Conference, Mogilev, February 28, 2024. – Mogilev: Educational institution “Mogilev Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus,” 2024. – pp. 439-440.

Chepurnykh (2018) – Chepurnykh D.A. Public control over road safety//Modern lawyer. – 2018. № 3 (24). – pp. 15-24.

Topic The article was prepared on the basis of an analysis of legal issues related to liability for copyright infringement in the creation and use of works generated with the help of generative artificial intelligence (AI). It examines the features of civil, administrative, and criminal liability in the context of digitalization, as well as doctrinal approaches to the legal qualification of works created using AI.

Objectives Analyze the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, compare legal regulation and concepts for the allocation of legal responsibility for violations in the creation and use of works generated by AI, taking into account the stage at which the violation occurred and the degree of control over the process of generation or use of the work.

Methodology In preparing the article, comparative legal, formal legal methods, as well as theoretical analysis were used, including the study and comparison of approaches to allocating responsibility for violations in the creation and use of works generated by AI in different countries and relevant scholarly literature.

Results/conclusions n the use of generative AI, the key criterion for determining liability is direct control over the creation and use of the work, rather than formal recognition of authorship. Copyright violations occur in stages: during AI training, work creation (generation), and dissemination, which allows for differentiation of responsibility between the developer, the user, and the digital intermediary. Analysis of Russian legislation showed the possibility of applying this approach by analogy, although existing norms require improvement. It is advisable to establish special legal norms and mechanisms for proving violations in Russian legislation, which would allow for effective protection of authors’ rights, stimulate digital creativity, and ensure compliance with intellectual property laws.

Keywords: works, artificial intelligence, AI, generative AI, content, digital platforms.

References:

Ruchkina, Berezin, Demchenko (2024) – Introduction and practical application of modern financial technologies: legislative regulation: Monograph [Vnedrenie i prakticheskoe primenenie sovremennyh finansovyh tekhnologij: zakonodatel’noe regulirovanie: Monografiya]/ Edited by G.F. Ruchkina, M.A. Berezin, M.V. Demchenko. Moscow: SIC INFRA-M, 2024. 161 p.

Berezina (2022) – Berezina E.A. Problems of legal regulation of legal liability for damage caused by the operation of unmanned (autonomous, highly automated) vehicles [Problemi pravovogo regulirovaniya yuridicheskoi otvetstvennosti za vred, prichinennii ekspluatatsiei bespilotnikh (avtonomnikh, visokoavtomatizirovannikh) transportnikh sredstv] // Rule of Law: Theory and Practice [Pravovoe gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika]. — 2022. — № 3 (69). — p. 41-55.

Vashenyak (2024) – Vashenyak N.E. Artificial intelligence and copyright: international experience, ethical dilemmas and the path of regulation in Russia [Iskusstvennii intellekt i avtorskie prava: mezhdunarodnii opit, eticheskie dilemmi i put regulirovaniya v Rossii] // International scientific journal “Bulletin of Science” [Mezhdunarodnii nauchnii zhurnal «Vestnik nauki»]. — 2024. — № 3 (72). — p. 171-181.

Gnezdilova (2024) – Gnezdilova Yu.V. Protectability, forms and methods of copyright protection in the “information” society [Okhranosposobnost, formi i sposobi zashchiti avtorskogo prava v «informatsionnom» obshchestve] // Law and state: theory and practice [Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika]. — 2024. — № 12 (240). — p. 369-372.

Dremlyuga, Dremlyuga (2019) – Dremlyuga O.A., Dremlyuga R.I. Artificial intelligence – a subject of law: arguments for and against [Iskusstvennii intellekt – subekt prava: argumenti za i protiv] // Legal policy and legal life [Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn]. — 2019. — № 2. — p. 120-125.

Nikitina (2024) – Nikitina A.P. Works of a neural network as an object of copyright in the context of the prospects for the development of intellectual property law in Russia [roizvedeniya neiroseti kak obekt avtorskogo prava v kontekste perspektiv razvitiya prava intellektualnoi sobstvennosti v Rossii] // Issues of Russian and international law [Voprosi rossiiskogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava]. — 2024. — № 14 (9). — p. 212-216.

Chursina (2024) – Chursina A.S. Artificial intelligence and copyright [Iskusstvennii intellekt i avtorskoe pravo] // Agrarian and land law [Agrarnoe i zemelnoe pravo]. — 2024. — № 4 (232). — p. 203-204.

Goals/objectives The aim of this study was to assess the adaptation of the international legal system to the challenges of big data technology. To this end, the author set the following objectives: to provide a general assessment of the current system at the universal and regional levels; to determine the actual method of system adaptation (classical instruments, a step-by-step updating, or a full-fledged reform); and, finally, to identify the key factors determining the effectiveness of the method.

Methodology This study uses such methods as doctrinal analysis of key international legal documents; historical analysis of the formation and development of international legal norms in the field of privacy protection; comparative legal analysis, and system analysis method.

Conclusion As a result, it was possible to confirm the hypothesis about the step-by-step updating of international legal system for the protection of privacy and, finally, to characterize the main factors demonstrating the effectiveness of the existing system, such as: technological neutrality of legal norms, compatibility with other legal mechanisms, reliance on soft law and instruments for expanding the coverage of regional instruments.

Keywords: privacy, big data, right to privacy, confidentiality, data protection, technological neutrality, human rights.

1. Bruno (2021) – Bruno, G. The Right to Privacy: The Need for an Ever-Evolving Legal Movement. Brandeis University Law Journal. 9(1): 25-32.
2. Mira Burri (2021) – Big Data and Global Trade Law / ed. by Mira Burri. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp: 350.
3. Rojszczak (2019) – Rojszczak, M.Does Global Scope Guarantee Effectiveness? Searching for a New Legal Standard for Privacy Protection in Cyberspace. Information & Communications Technology Law. 29: 22-44.
4. Tzanou – (2013) Tzanou, M. Data Protection as a Fundamental Right next to Privacy? ‘Reconstructing’ a not so New Right. International Data Privacy Law. 3(2): 88-99.
5. Dror-Shpoliansky, Shany (2021) Dror-Shpoliansky, D., Shany, Yu. It’s the End of the (Offline) World as We Know It: From Human Rights to Digital Human Rights – A Proposed Typology. European Journal of International Law. 32(4): 1249-1282.
6. Mone, Mitharwal – (2024) Mone, V., Mitharwal, S. Guardians of Privacy: Exploring the Viability of a United Nations-Backed Global Data Governance. International Journal of Intellectual Property Management. 14(2): 194-216.
7. Eshbaev (2024) – Eshbaev, G. GDPR vs. Weakly Protected Parties in Other Countries. Uzbek Journal of Law and Digital Policy. 2(6): 55-65.
8. Тихомиров, Кашанин, Чураков и др. (2021) –Тихомиров Ю.А., А.В. Кашанин, Чураков В.Д. и др.; Интерпретация и применение больших данных в юриспруденции и юридической практике: монография / науч. ред. Ю.А. Тихомиров. 2021. М.: Юстицинформ. 188 с.
9. Casanovas, Koker, Mendelson, Watts, (2017) – Casanovas P., Koker, L. D., Mendelson, D., Watts, D., Regulation of Big Data: Perspectives on Strategy, Policy, Law and Privacy. Berlin: IUPESM and Springer-Verlag, 2017. pp. 349.
10. Bygrave (2010) – Bygrave, L. A. Privacy and Data Protection in an International Perspective. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law & Lee A Bygrave, 2010. pp. 198.
11. Yilma (2023) – Yilma K. Privacy and the Role of International Law in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. pp. 400.
12. Thomas Hoeren, Barbara Kolany-Raiser (2018) – Big Data in Context. Legal, Social and Technological Insights / ed. by Thomas Hoeren, Barbara Kolany-Raiser, 2018. Munster: Springer Open, 2018, pp. 122.
13. Mamanazarov (2023) – Mamanazarov S. The Concept and Legal Nature of Big Data. Review of Law Sciences. 7(3): 49-56.
14. Mittelstadt, Floridi (2016) – Mittelstadt, B.D., Floridi, L. The Ethics of Big Data: Current and Foreseeable Issues in Biomedical Contexts. Sci Eng Ethics. 22(2): 303-341.
15. Nersessian (2018) – Nersessian D. The Law and Ethics of Big Data Analytics: A New Role for International Human Rights in the Search for Global Standards. Business Horizons. 61(6): 845-854.
16. Compagnucci (2020) – Compagnucci M.C., Big Data, Databases and “Ownership” Rights in the Cloud. Springer Nature, pp. 308.
17. Završnik (2019) – Završnik A. Algorithmic Justice: Algorithms and Big Data in Criminal Justice Settings. European Journal of Criminology. 18: 623-642.
18. Palmatier, Martin (2019) – Palmatier R.W., Martin, K.D., The Intelligent Marketer’s Guide to Data Privacy. The Impact of Big Data on Customer Trust. Heidelberg: Palgrave Macmillan Ebook, pp. 202.

Subject/topic The article examines current legal aspects of the protection of financial assets as a necessary condition for ensuring the financial sovereignty of the Russian Federation.

Goals/objectives Definition and assessment of the legal conditions for the protection of Russian financial assets in the context of maintaining the strategic stability of the financial system of the Russian Federation.

Methodology Methods of analyzing existing scientific knowledge were used, as well as the actual methods of scientific research aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the subject under study (deduction, analysis, synthesis, formal logic techniques, etc.).

Results/Conclusions in recent years, the Russian economy has faced serious sanctions pressure from unfriendly states. The illegal actions of certain intergovernmental associations aimed at seizing the sovereign assets of the Russian Federation contradict the foundations of the public financial legal order and require scientific analysis for the further development of protective measures in the context of ensuring national security. In conclusion, it is argued that an attempt to confiscate public finances is tantamount to an infringement on the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

Keywords: sovereign financial assets, legal protection, international sanctions, financial sovereignty, financial system.

References:

Grachyova (2023) – Grachyova E.YU. Financial sovereignty – myth or reality? // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University (MGUA). [Finansovyj suverenitet – mif ili real’nost’?] // [Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYUA)]. – 2023. – № 7 (107). – S. 19-26.

Zhizhchenko (2024) – Zhizhchenko S.D. Methods and methods of settlements on the Russian and foreign securities market (Euroclear, Clearstream, DTS) under sanctions // Innovations and Investments [Sposoby i metody raschetov na rossijskom i inostrannom rynke (Evroklir, Klirstrim, DTS) cennykh bumag v usloviyakh sankcij] // [Innovacii i investicii]. – 2024. – № 3. – S. 374-376.

Anisiforov (2025) – Anisiforov T.S. General legal principles of the functioning of the financial system of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University (MGUA). [Obshchepravovye principy funkcionirovaniya finansovoj sistemy Rossijskoj Federacii] // [Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYUA)]. – 2025. – № 6 (130). – S. 40-46.

Timofeev (2025) – Timofeev I.N. Financial sanctions and currency risks in the era of geopolitical upheavals // Journal of the New Economic Association. [Finansovye sankcii i valyutnye riski v ehpokhu geopoliticheskikh potryasenij] // [Zhurnal Novoj ehkonomicheskoj associacii]. – 2025. – № 3 (68). – S. 277-287.

Petrova, Stupakov (2020) – Petrova G.V., Stupakov V.I. Financial and legal aspects of ensuring the protection of political, economic, and financial sovereignty of the state in the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which entered into force on July 4, 2020 // Gaps in Russian legislation [Finansovo-pravovye aspekty obespecheniya zashchity politicheskogo, ehkonomicheskogo, finansovogo suvereniteta gosudarstva v popravkakh k Konstitucii Rossijskoj Federacii, vstupivshi v silu s 4 iyulya 2020 goda] // [Probely v rossijskom zakonodatel’stve]. – 2020. – T. 13. – № 6. – S. 74-81.

Artemov, Sitnik (2022) – Artemov N.M., Sitnik A.A. Countering anti-Russian sanctions in the payment and currency spheres // Actual problems of Russian law. [Protivodejstvie antirossijskim sankciyam v platezhnoj i valyutnoj sferakh] // [Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava]. – 2022. – № 6. – S. 48-62.

Chzhan (2022) – Chzhan V. Modern approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of trust in society in the implementation of economic programs and reforms // Sociology. [Sovremennye podkhody k analizu fenomena doveriya v obshchestve pri realizacii ehkonomicheskikh programm i reform] // [Sociologiya]. – 2022. – № 3. – S. 233-237.

Al’bov, Panchenko (2024) – Al’bov A.P., Panchenko V.YU. Sovereignty and public law regulation in the context of legal culture // Modern Lawyer. [Suverenitet i publichno-pravovoe regulirovanie v kontekste pravovoj kul’tury] // [Sovremennyj yurist]. – 2024. – № 1 (46). – S. 16-28.

Abstract Subject/theme The subject of the study is the limits of the child’s right to know his parents. This analysis identifies and examines the factual (due to the lack of initial information) and legal (established by the legislator) barriers that limit the implementation of this right in modern Russian law.

Goals and objectives The purpose of the study is to identify the systemic limits that restrict the realization of a child’s right to identity, analyze them, and develop a mechanism for balanced compliance with this right. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed: analyzing the evolution of legal regulation of this right; examining the current factual and regulatory limitations on its implementation; studying court practices and the main doctrinal positions on the subject; and formulating scientifically grounded proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement.

Methodology The study used historical-legal, formal-legal, and comparative-legal analysis.

Conclusions The conducted research allowed us to conclude that it is necessary to move from absolute and archaic restrictions to a flexible, differentiated regulatory system. The concept of gradual access to information about origin is substantiated, combining the unconditional provision of non-identifying information with conditional access to identifying data (with the consent of the biological parent or by court decision). As systemic measures, the following have been proposed: reform of the institutions of adoption and donor secrecy, creation of a federal database of ART participants, improvement of training for foster parents, and development of psychological support for families. The implementation of these proposals will ensure a balance between the individual’s right to identity and other legally protected interests, giving the proclaimed right real content.

Keywords: child’s right to know their parents, adoption secrecy, donor anonymity, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), right to identity, limits of the exercise of the right, and family law.

References:

Tajfel, Turner (1979) – Tajfel H., Turner J.C. The integrative theory of intergroup conflict // The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations [Интегративная теория межгруппового конфликта // Социальная психология межгрупповых отношений]/ eds. W.G. Austin, S. Worchel. Monterey: Brooks/Cole [Монтерей: Брукс/Коул], 1979. 47p.

Sears (1957) – Sears R. R. Identification as a Form of Behavioral Development // The Concept of Development: An Issue in the Study of Human Behavior / Ed. by D. B. Harris. – Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957. P. 149–161.

Crittenden, Claussen (2004) – Crittenden P.M., Claussen A.H. The organization of attachment relationships: Maturation, culture, and context // Developmental Psychology.  2004. no. 3. P. 279-295.

Avakian (2021) – Avakian T.V. Social cognition in adolescents left without parental care: abstract of the dissertation of the cand. Psychological Sciences: 19.00.13 [Social’noe poznanie u podrostkov, ostavshihsya bez popecheniya roditelej: avtoref. dis. … kand. psihol. nauk: 19.00.13 / Avakyan Tamara Vital’evna; Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj psihologo-pedagogicheskij universitet] / Tamara Vitalievna Avakyan; Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University. Moscow, 2021 – 27c.

Ulyanova (2022) – Ulyanova M.V. Limits of the Exercise of Family Rights [Predely osushchestvleniya semejnyh prav] // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal Sciences [Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. YUridicheskie nauki]. 2022. No. 4. pp. 9-21.

Gribanov (2001) – Gribanov V.P. The exercise and protection of civil rights [Osushchestvlenie i zashhita grazhdanskih prav / V.P. Gribanov]. – Moscow: Statute, 2001. – 410 p.

Ioffe (1967) – Ioffe O.S. Soviet civil law [Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo / O.S. Ioffe]. – Moscow: Jurid. lit., 1967. – 494 p.

Deryugina (2010) – Deryugina T.V. The limits of the exercise of civil rights: Monograph [Predely osushchestvlenija grazhdanskih prav: Monografija / T.V. Deryugina]. – Moscow, 2010. – 246 p.

Bespalov (2008) – Bespalov Yu.F. The family and legal status of a child in the Russian Federation [Semejno-pravovoe polozhenie rebenka v Rossijskoj Federacii / Yu.F. Bespalov]. – Moscow: Atlas, 2008. – 324 p.

Letova (2006) – Letova N.V. Adoption in the Russian Federation: Legal Issues [Usynovlenie v Rossijskoj Federacii: pravovye problemy / N.V. Letova]. – Moscow: Volters Kluver, 2006. – 245 p.

Yurchenko (2014) – Yurchenko O.Yu. On the expediency of preserving the secrecy of adoption [O cele-soobraznosti sohranenija tajny usynovlenija] // Issues of modern jurisprudence [Voprosy sovremennoj jurisprudencii]. – 2014. – No. 33. – P. 23–27.

Grigorieva (2014) – Grigorieva A.G. Problems of ensuring the secrecy of adoption [Problemy obespechenija tajny usynovlenija] // Economics. Law. Bulletin of the Kuban Social and Economic Institute [Jekonomika. Pravo. Vestnik Kubanskogo social’no-jekonomicheskogo institute]. – 2014. – No. 1 (61). – P. 37–43.

Lipovskikh (2018) – Lipovskikh N.V. The concept, legal nature and structure of family secrets [Ponjatie, pravovaja priroda i struktura semejnoj tajny] // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law [Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo]. – 2018. – No. 30. – P. 175–180.

Korol (2008) – Korol I.G. Personal non-property rights of the child: abstract of the dissertation of the cand. jurid. sciences: 12.00.03 [Lichnye neimushhestvennye prava rebenka: avtoref. dis. … kand. jurid. nauk: 12.00.03 / I.G. Korol]; Russian Academy of Justice [Rossijskaja akademija pravosudija]. – Moscow, 2008. – 26 p.

Semenov, Plygunov, Katasonov (2016) – Semenov A.V., Plygunov K.A., Katasonov A.V. Legal Issues of Adoption Secrecy [Pravovye voprosy tajny usynovlenija] // Eurasian Law Journal [Evrazijskij juridicheskij zhurnal]. – 2016. – No. 2 (12). – P. 84–89.

Bogdanova, Maleina, Ksenofontova (2020) – Bogdanova E.E., Maleina M.N., Ksenofontova D.S. Some Issues of Protecting Citizens Rights in the Use of Genome Technologies [Otdel’nye problemy zashhity prav grazhdan pri ispol’zovanii genomnyh tehnologij] // Lex russica. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 129–142.

Shenshin, Paskar (2023) – Shenshin V.M., Paskar S.S. On the Criminal Law Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Russia and in Some Foreign Countries [Ob ugolovno-pravovom regulirovanii vspomogatel’nyh reproduktivnyh tehnologij v Rossii i v nekotoryh zarubezhnyh stranah] // Agrarian and Land Law [Agrarnoe i zemel’noe pravo]. – 2023. – No. 8 (224). – P. 105–109.

Duka (2020) – Duka A. Current Issues in French Legislation on the Legal Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) [Aktual’nye problemy zakonodatel’stva Francii v sfere pravovogo regulirovanija vspomogatel’nyh reproduktivnyh tehnologij (VRT) / A. Duka] // Modern Science: Reality and Prospects [Reproduktivnaja medicina]. – 2020. – No. 2 (43). – P. 17–21.

Makarenko (2007) – Makarenko G.N. Legal regulation of relations of establishing paternity and maternity when using methods of assisted reproductive technologies [Pravovoe regulirovanie otnoshenij ustanovlenija otcovstva i materinstva pri primenenii metodov vspomogatel’nyh reproduktivnyh tehnologij] // Medical Law [Medicinskoe pravo]. – 2007. – No. 2. – P. 21–25.

Sukhareva (2017) – Sukhareva E.R. Ensuring the interests of a child and its parents in the light of improving legislation on establishing the origin of children and its contestation [Obespechenie interesov rebenka i ego roditelej v svete sovershenstvovanija zakonodatel’stva ob ustanovlenii proishozhdenija detej i ego osparivanii] // Bulletin of the Russian Interior Ministry [Vestnik VI MVD Rossii]. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 183–188.

Romanovsky et al. (2015) – Romanovsky G.B., Tarusina N.N., Mokhov A.A. et al]; Biomedical law in Russia and abroad: a monograph [Biomedicinskoe pravo v Rossii i za rubezhom: monografija / ed. by G.B. Romanovsky [pod obshh. red. G.B. Romanovskogo]. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2015. – 368 p.

Subject/topic This study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations and law enforcement practices of criminal liability in the Russian Federation. The study explores the relationship between the principle of legality, which ensures uniform law enforcement, and the need to achieve fair and proportionate punishment in each individual case.

Goals/objectives The purpose of this work is to identify the systemic contradictions and patterns inherent in the modern Russian model of criminal punishment. The objectives of this study include: analyzing the legislative logic behind the construction of sanctions in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to identify the reflection of criminal goals; comparing approaches to the imposition of punishment in routine and high-profile cases to assess the impact of external factors, including public opinion; and finally, developing proposals to optimize the balance between the principles of fair retribution and resocialization in law enforcement.

Results/conclusions Based on this analysis, theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations will be proposed to optimize the balance between legislative regulation, predictability of law enforcement, and achieving truly individualized and socially acceptable justice in criminal proceedings.

Keywords: criminal punishment, goals of criminal punishment, principles of criminal punishment, judicial discretion, and legislative sanctions.

References:

Santashov (2023) – Santashov A.L. The System and Types of Punishments in the Criminal Legislation of Russia: Questions and Answers // Journal of Applied Research. 2023. No. 1. pp. 172–176.

Khoryakov, Gordeev (2021) – Khoryakov S.N., Gordeev A.Yu. Features of the Practical Implementation of the Principle of Freedom of Evidence Assessment at Various Stages of Criminal Proceedings // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2021. No. 12. 204 p.

Zakomoldin, Duyunov (2022) – Zakomoldin R.V., Duyunov V.K. Criminal-law sanctions as a form of expressing punishability and an instrument of criminal-law influence // Law and Order: History, Theory, Practice. 2022. No. 4 (35). P. 77–82.

Suvorova (2021) – Suvorova A.V. On the Goals of Criminal Punishment // Bulletin of the Magistracy. 2021. No. 1–3 (112). P. 34–37.

Khodjaliev (2024) – Khodjaliev S.A. Individualization of Punishment as a Criminological Problem // Law and Right. 2024. No. 10. P. 262–265.

Komissarov (2005) – Russian Criminal Law. General Part: Textbook / edited by V.S. Komissarov. St. Petersburg, 2005. 552 p.

Foucault (1975) – Foucault M. Supervise and Punish. The Birth of Prison. Moscow, 1975. 226 p.

Khlebushkin (2013) – Khlebushkin A.G. On the legitimacy of criminal-legal influence in the sphere of protection of the foundations of the constitutional system // Leningrad Law Journal. 2013. No. 1 (31). Pp. 225–230.

Surtsev (2024) – Surtsev A.V. The problem of implementing the goals of criminal punishment // Law and Management. 2024. No. 7. Pp. 141–146.

Kushnir (2021) – Kushnir I.V. Imbalance of legal liability in the legislation of the Russian Federation: diss. Cand. of Law. 2021. 187 p.

Subject of Research. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of digital traces and electronic evidence as core sources of factual data in cases involving crimes against intellectual property in the context of digital transformation. The study focuses on typical carriers of digital traces (log files, metadata, telecom and hosting provider records, electronic communications, and computer forensic reports) and on procedural and forensic risks that affect the probative stability of digital information. The theoretical framework relies on recent Russian scholarship on electronic evidence and digital forensics emphasizing the distinction between the forensic nature of a digital trace and the procedural form of evidence.

Purpose/Objectives. The research aims to determine the role of digital traces and electronic evidence in the criminal-law protection of intellectual property in Russia and to identify practical requirements for admissibility and evaluation. Objectives include: operational definitions of digital traces and electronic evidence for IP investigations; systematization of the most common data sources; identification of typical defects in acquisition and preservation that undermine probative value; proposal of reliability criteria for digital data in IP crime cases.

Methodology. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach combining formal legal analysis, forensic diagnostics, and a structural-functional method. A secondary analysis of open analytical materials on online piracy dynamics and distribution infrastructure.

Key Findings/Conclusions. Digital traces often constitute the core of proof in IP cases by enabling reconstruction of the modus operandi, scale of dissemination, and roles of actors within digital infrastructure. The legal robustness of digital data depends on documenting origin, integrity, and chain of custody, consistent with contemporary electronic evidence doctrine. A practical typology of digital traces by evidentiary purpose is developed, along with a minimum verification framework (attribution, integrity, reproducibility, and contextualization). In network-based IP infringements, the effectiveness of criminal-law protection is determined by standardized methods of handling digital information. Priorities include unifying procedural documentation, strengthening computer forensic expertise, and producing practice-oriented guidance for investigators and courts based.

Keywords: digital traces; electronic evidence; intellectual property; cybercrime; computer forensics; admissibility; digital forensics.

References:

Dmitrieva, Pastukhov (2023) – Dmitrieva A.A., Pastukhov P.S. Concept of electronic evidence in criminal legal procedure [Kontseptsiya elektronnykh dokazatel’stv v ugolovnom protsesse] // Zhurnal tsifrovykh tekhnologiy i prava [Journal of Digital Technologies and Law]. – 2023. – Vol. 1, No. 1. – Pp. 270–295.

Kolchurin (2022) – Kolchurin A.G. Electronic evidence in criminal proceedings [Elektronnye dokazatel’stva v ugolovnom protsesse] // Vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya [Bulletin of Science and Education]. – 2022. – No. 9.

Lemekhov (2022) – Lemekhov S.V. Role of virtual (digital) traces in modern tracology [Rol’ virtual’nykh (tsifrovykh) sledov v sovremennoy trasologii] // Ural Journal of Legal Research. – 2022. – No. 3. – Pp. 53–58. – DOI: 10.34076/2658_512X_2022_3_53.

Magomedov (2024) – Magomedov G.M. Current issues of computer-technical expertise in investigating crimes committed using electronic means [Aktual’nye problemy komp’yuterno-tekhnicheskoy ekspertizy pri rassledovanii prestupleniy, sovershayemykh s ispol’zovaniem elektronnykh sredstv]. – 2024.

Tsykunova & Panikarenko (2023) – Tsykunova I.N., Panikarenko E.V. Digital (electronic) data as a new source of evidence in criminal procedure [Tsifrovye (elektronnye) dannye kak novyy istochnik dokazatel’stv v ugolovnom protsesse] // Epomen. – 2023. – No. 75. – Pp. 116–127.

Kushnarev (2024) – Kushnarev A.S. Digital traces in forensics, and their use in crime investigation [Tsifrovye sledy v kriminalistike, ikh ispol’zovanie pri rassledovanii prestupleniy] // Voprosy rossiyskoy yustitsii [Issues of Russian Justice]. – 2024. – No. 32. – Pp. 84–93.

Vladimirov (2024) – Vladimirov D.M. Detection and seizure of digital crime traces: methodological approaches [Obnaruzhenie i iz”yatie tsifrovyh sledov prestupleniy: metodicheskie podkhody] // Kriminalistika: vchera, segodnya, zavtra [Criminalistics: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow]. – 2024. – No. 3. – Pp. 38–44.

TelecomDaily (2025) – TelecomDaily. Study: record volume of pirated content blocked in Russia in 2024 [Issledovanie: v Rossii zablokirovan rekordnyy ob’em piratskogo kontenta v 2024 godu]. – 2025.

F6 (2025) – F6 (formerly F.A.C.C.T.). Analytical materials on the online piracy market in Russia: results for 2024 [Analiticheskie materialy o rynke onlayn-piratstva v Rossii: itogi 2024 goda]. – 2025.

Anti-Malware.ru (2025) – Anti-Malware.ru. 12 Pirate CDNs Feed 90% of Online Pirates in Russia [12 piratskikh CDN kormyat 90% onlayn-piratov v Rossii] (overview based on F6 data). – 2025.

Titov (2024) – Titov S.N. Criminal-law protection of intellectual property in the context of digital transformation and the formation of the information society [Ugolovno-pravovaya okhrana intellektual’noi sobstvennosti v usloviyakh tsifrovoy transformatsii i stanovleniya informacionnogo obshchestva] – Monograph. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2024. – 288 p.

Sergeev (2021) – Sergeev A.L. Digital traces of crimes [Tsifrovye sledy prestupleniy] – Monograph / ed. by V.V. Komarov. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2021. – 166 p.

Subject/topic The study is devoted to the legal analysis of the status of self-employed citizens in Russia within the context of modern entrepreneurship. Particular attention is paid to the special tax regime for self-employed individuals — the tax on professional income, which offers flexible opportunities for legally conducting business. The analysis examines changes in entrepreneurial activity under the influence of digitalization and globalization, as well as the institutional conditions that make this direction attractive for individuals and organizations.

Goals/objectives The goal of the research is to analyze the status of self-employment as a tool for entrepreneurship and to identify the tax and legal risks associated with their interactions with large companies. The objectives include exploring the relevance of self-employment, assessing its flexibility as a form of business, and analyzing institutional conditions.

Methodology To achieve the set goals, methods of legal analysis and comparative evaluation are employed. The study includes an analysis of the current legislation on self-employment, an assessment of the business position, and an examination of the practice of interaction between companies and self-employed individuals. This methodology allows for the identification of the main risks and advantages of the existing tax regime.

Conclusion Self-employment in Russia represents an adaptive tool for entrepreneurship that effectively addresses the challenges of digital transformation and globalization. The established tax regime makes this type of activity attractive for both business and the state, while simultaneously reducing tax and legal risks.

Keywords: self-employed citizens, professional income tax, legal regulation, special tax regime, individual entrepreneurs.

References:

Vaslavsky (2025) – Vaslavsky Y. I. Transformation of mechanisms for interaction between the state and business: political and economic analysis [Transformaciya mexanizmov vzaimodejstviya gosudarstva i biznesa: politiko-e`konomicheskij analiz] // Ph.D. thesis … Doctor of Economic Sciences: 5.2.1. / Kinev Vaslavsky Y. I.; Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation — Moscow, 2025. — 523 p.

Zhukova and Podmarkova (2021) – Zhukova Y. D., Podmarkova A. S. Self-employed citizens: legal qualification of activities and prospects for forming a special regime [Samozanyaty`e grazhdane: pravovaya kvalifikaciya deyatel`nosti i perspektivy` formirovaniya special`nogo rezhima] // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. — 2021. — No. 4. — pp. 49-79.

Zhuravleva (2022) – Zhuravleva I. A. Advantages of tax authorities in requalifying transactions (actions) of a bankrupt legal entity: foundations of legal support and trends in practice [Preimushhestva nalogovy`x organov po perekvalifikacii sdelok (dejstvij) yuridicheskogo licza-bankrota: osnovy` pravovogo obespecheniya i tendencii praktiki] // Audit and Financial Analysis. – 2022. – No. 4. – pp. 4-11.

Zhuravleva (2020) – Zhuravleva I. A. Systematic approach to solving problems in the field of taxation [Sistemny`j podxod k resheniyu problem v oblasti nalogooblozheniya] // Systematic Analysis in Economics – 2020: Collection of Papers of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference-Biennale, Moscow, December 9–11, 2020 / Edited by G.B. Kleiner, S.E. Shchepetova. – Moscow: Publishing House “Science”, 2021. – pp. 294-297.

Zhuravleva (2020) – Zhuravleva I. A. Special systematic tax regimes in forming the investment potential of small entrepreneurship: problems and prospects [Special`ny`e sistemny`e rezhimy` nalogooblozheniya v formirovanii investicionnogo potenciala maly`m predprinimatel`stvom: problemy` i perspektivy`] // Audit and Financial Analysis. – 2020. – No. 6. – pp. 6-18.

Kamilov (2022) – Kamilov M. E. Results of the experiment on the introduction of a special tax regime for self-employed individuals [Rezul`taty` provedeniya e`ksperimenta o vvedenii special`nogo nalogovogo rezhima dlya samozanyaty`x] // Economy of the New World. — 2022. — No. 2 (25). — pp. 47-52.

Subject/topic The subject of the article is the law enforcement practice of issuing warnings by the antimonopoly authority in accordance with Article 39.1 of the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition” as an independent tool for preventive antimonopoly response. The article examines the legal nature of warnings, their place in the system of antimonopoly control measures, and the specifics of their application in various sectors of the economy, including regulated, infrastructure, and highly concentrated commodity markets, as well as the field of unfair competition. Special attention is paid to the problems of legal certainty in the content of warnings, the actual regulatory impact on the economic behavior of business entities, and the relationship between warnings and procedural guarantees for recipients. The article analyzes the impact of warning practices on the formation of acceptable models of behavior in commodity markets and on the balance of public and private interests.

Goals/objectives The purpose of the article is to identify the features and problems of the practice of issuing warnings by the antitrust authority. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed in the article: to analyze the legal nature of warnings as a preventive measure in antitrust response; to summarize the law enforcement practice of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia using specific cases; to identify the main problems of issuing warnings in antitrust practice.

Methodology The research is based on the formal-legal method, analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice, and the systemic and structural-functional approaches.

Conclusion It is substantiated that the institution of warnings in modern antitrust practice performs a multifunctional preventive role, ensuring the prompt elimination of anti-competitive practices without the use of repressive measures.

Keywords: warning from the antitrust authority, preventive measures of antitrust control, anti-competitive practices, and commodity markets.

References:

Akimova, Shlapak (2024) — Akimova I. V., Shlapak M. D. Legal Issues of Appealing an Antimonopoly Authority’s Warning: Prospects for Expanding the Powers of the Collegial Bodies of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia (Analytical Review) [Pravovy`e problemy` obzhalovaniya preduprezhdeniya antimonopol`nogo organa: perspektivy` rasshireniya polnomochij kollegial`ny`x organov FAS Rossii (analiticheskij obzor)] // Russian Competition Law and Economics. — 2024. — № 2 (38). — P. 54-59.

Alyoshin (2014) — D.A. Alyoshin, I.Y. Artemyev, I.V. Bashlakov-Nikolaev and others. Competition Law of Russia: Textbook (Text) [Konkurentnoe pravo Rossii: Uchebnik (Tekst)] / ed. by I.Y. Artemyev, S.A. Puzyrevsky, A.G. Sushkevich; National Research. University of Higher School of Economics. — 2nd edition, revised and expanded. – M.: Publishing House. Higher School of Economics, 2014. — P. 387.

Ashfa (2021) — Daniel Mohamadovich Ashfa. Corporate mechanisms for preventing violations of antimonopoly legislation [Korporativny`e mexanizmy` preduprezhdeniya narushenij antimonopol`nogo zakonodatel`stva] : abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Law : 12.00.07 / Daniel Mohamadovich Ashfa; [Place of defense: Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MGUA)]. – Moscow, 2021. — 30 p.

Bashlakov-Nikolaev (2014) — Bashlakov-Nikolaev I.V. The Antimonopoly Authority as a Preventive Control Authority [Antimonopol`ny`j organ kak organ predupreditel`nogo kontrolya] // Modern Lawyer. — 2014. — № 4(9). — P. 43-55.

Kuznetsova (2025) — Kuznetsova O. N. Warning of the Antimonopoly Authority in the System of State Coercive Measures [Preduprezhdenie antimonopol`nogo organa v sisteme mer gosudarstvennogo prinuzhdeniya]. Russian Competition Law and Economics. — 2025 (4). — P. 8-16.

Kulazhina (2025) — Kulazhina A.O. Digital Antitrust Compliance as a Tool for Countering Antitrust Offenses [Cifrovoj antimonopol`ny`j komplaens kak instrument protivodejstviya antimonopol`ny`m pravonarusheniyam] // Modern Lawyer. — 2025. — № 2 (51). — P. 154-162.

Puzyrevsky (2012) — Puzyrevsky S.A. The Third Antimonopoly Package [Tretij antimonopol`ny`j paket] // Energy Law. — 2012. — № 1. — P. 23-29.

Semenova (2022) — Semenova V. V. Problems of Applying the Rules on Prohibiting the Abuse of a Dominant Position [Problemy` primeneniya norm o zaprete zloupotrebleniya dominiruyushhim polozheniem] // Criminological Journal. — 2022. — №. 2. — P. 38-43.

Sinitsyna (2020) – Sinitsyna I.A. Digital platforms as objects of regulation: problems of improving antitrust legislation in the EAEU member states // Legal Science and Practice: Electronic Scientific and Practical Journal. [Tsifrovye platformy kak ob’ekty regulirovaniya: problemy sovershenstvovaniya antimonopol’nogo zakonodatel’stva v gosudarstvakh – chlenakh EAES // Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika: elektronnyy nauchno-prakticheskiy zhurnal]. 2020. № 3. P. 91–96.

Spirchagov (2021) — Spirchagov G. S. Cautions and Warnings as a “Soft” Tool of Antitrust Regulation [Predosterezheniya i preduprezhdeniya – «myagkij» instrument antimonopol`nogo regulirovaniya] // Moscow Economic Journal. — 2021. — № 6. — P. 525-532.