The Modern Lawyer №2(19)

CОNTЕNT

 

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
 

Sergey G. Pavlikov

Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mail: 89152499928@mail.ru)

Aigul E. Karnaukhova

notary, PhD in Law, Moscow (E-mail: 6918090@ mail.ru)

Revisiting the constitutional entrenchment of property right in foreign countries

Abstract

Subject The following article deals with the complex of problems arising from the transformation of the constitutional regulation of ownership right in foreign countries. The main goal of the article is to systematize foreign constitutional provisions governing the right of property.

Methodology Within the conducted study such general theoretical and special scientific methods of cognition as analysis and synthesis, logic, dialectic, systemic-structural, comparative legal, sociological and statistical methods have been employed.

Conclusion The modern foreign constitution rarely ascertain the status of a particular country as a state with market economy. The attempts at “socialization” of the constitutional rules governing the right to private property have become more intense whereas the constitutional regulation of property evolves in terms of expanding of the list of possible limitations of this right under various positive pretexts. The new forms of property (e.g. reproductive and transplant medicine, genetic engineering, etc.) are being fixed on the constitutional level.

Keywords: The Constitution, property, private property, object, subject, law, constitutional law, owner, law, laws, country, state, norm, society, rights, person, citizen, principle, value, experience, integrity, economy, market economy, market, person, property, thing, power, character, characteristic, regulation, land, land.

 

JEL Classification: К19

 

References:

  1. Andreeva 2007 – Andreeva G. N. Objects of ownership rights in the constitutions of foreign countries: a retrospective view [Ob’ektyi prava sobstvennosti v konstitutsiyah zarubezhnyih stran: retrospektivnyiy vzglyad] // the Constitutional and municipal law. [Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipalnoe pravо] 2007. No. 1, 2.
  2. Kozyrin 2010 – Public law regulation of economic relations. Almanac [Publichno-pravovoe regulirovanie ekonomicheskih otnosheniy. Almanah] // G. N. Andreev, A. A. Beltyukova, E. Biryulin et al. /Under the editorship of A. N. Kozyrin. M.: Center for public law research [Tsentr publichno-pravovyih issledovaniy], 2010. Vol. 2. 360 p. p. 21
  3. Khludneva 2014 – Khludneva Yu. N. Constitutional recognition of private property rights in Russia and the countries of the European Union: comparative legal research [Konstitutsionnoe zakreplenie prava chastnoy sobstvennosti v Rossii i stranah Evropeyskogo Soyuza: sravnitelno-pravovoe issledovanie]: thesis of Cand. the faculty of law. Sciences. M., 2014. P.8.
  4. Saurin 2014 – Saurin A.A. the Right of ownership in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal implementation limits and restrictions. [Pravo sobstvennosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: konstitutsionno-pravovyie predelyi realizatsii i ogranicheniya] M.: Statut, 2014. 351 S. S. 11.
  5. The Galanz 1957 – The Constitution and legislative acts of bourgeois States of XVII – XIX centuries: Collection of documents [Konstitutsii i zakonodatelnyie aktyi burzhuaznyih gosudarstv XVII – XIX vv.: Sbornik dokumentov] // Under the editorship of P. N. Galanz. M., 1957. S. 330.
  6. Avakyan 2012 – Constitutional law and politics: proceedings of the International scientific conference: Law faculty of MSU named after M. V. Lomonosov, 28 – 30 March 2012 [Konstitutsionnoe pravo i politika: Sbornik materialov Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii: Yuridicheskiy fakultet MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosov] // S. A. Avakyan, D. Agapov, S. N. And. Akuyev, etc. /Ed. edited by S. A. Avakyan. M.: Yurist, 2012. 800 s. p.25.
  7. Kornilov 2014 – Kornilova N. In. Ownership: the concept and content in Russian and foreign law [Pravo sobstvennosti: ponyatie i soderzhanie v rossiyskom i zarubezhnom prave] // Legal world. 2014. No. 8. Pp. 21 – 25.
  8. Andreeva 2016 – Andreeva G. N. Constitutional – legal regulation of property rights in the constitutions of foreign countries [Konstitutsionno – pravovoe regulirovanie prava sobstvennosti v konstitutsiyah zarubezhnyih stran]: Dis….Cand. the faculty of law. Sciences. M., 2016.
  9. Lagutenko 2012 – Lagutenko K. E. constitutional economy [Sistema konstitutsionnoy ekonomiki] // public law researches: electron. Sib. 2012. No. 1. P. 83 – 144.
  10. Fortieth 2009 – Fortieth E. A. the institution of ownership rights in the constitutions of Latin America [Institut prava sobstvennosti v konstitutsiyah stran Latinskoy Ameriki]// the Legal world. 2009. No. 12. P. 64 – 66.
  11. Kazannik 2015 – Constitutional law: University course: textbook: in 2 vol [Konstitutsionnoe pravo: universitetskiy kurs: uchebnik] /ed. by A. I. Kazannik, A. N. Kostyukova. M.: Prospect, 2015. Vol. 2. 528 S. S. 104-105.
  12. Mazayev 2008 – Mazayev V. D. the Constitutional model of Russian economic system: the image and the real content [Konstitutsionnaya model rossiyskoy ekonomicheskoy sistemyi: obraz i realnoe napolnenie] //Journal of Russian law. 2008. No. 12.
  13. Vinnitsky 2013 – Vinnitsa A. V. Public property [Publichnaya sobstvennost]. M.: Statut, 2013. 732 S. P. 59-60.
  14. Bashkatov , A. D., 2015 – Bashkatov, A. D. an Economic system and freedom of economic activities in the constitutional law of Russia and foreign countries [Ekonomicheskaya sistema i svoboda ekonomicheskoy deyatelnosti v konstitutsionnom prave Rossii i zarubezhnyih stran] //Actual problems of Russian law. 2015. No. 11. P. 62 – 70.
  15. Plotnikova 2016 – Plotnikova I.N., the Constitutional-legal regulation of the right of ownership of citizens to the earth: issues of specificity and protection [Konstitutsionno-pravovoe regulirovanie prava sobstvennosti grazhdan Rossii na zemlyu: voprosyi konkretizatsii i zaschity] //the Constitutional and municipal law. 2016. No. 10. S. 21 – 24.
  16. Sasinowska 2016 – Sasinowska A. S. On the law of the land in the constitutional law of foreign countries [O prave na zemlyu v konstitutsionnom zakonodatelstve zarubezhnyih stran] //the Russian legal magazine. 2016. No. 5. S. 91 – 100.

 

10

Igor D. Semenovskiy

postgraduate student, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, project manager, Department for State Programs and Regional Development, State Corporation «Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank)», Moscow (E-mail: i.semenovskiy@yandex.com)

Constitutional basics of the regulation of federal structure principles in Brazil, India and Russia

Abstract

Rationale The federative structure principles are the institutional foundations of the constitutional order in the BRICS member states. The present phenomenon is one of those concepts, comprehensively studying and deeply understanding of which is not possible on the example of one single state. Comparative analysis of the federative structure constitutional regulation serves to researching of this subject and allows to maximize the reliability of conclusions regarding the phenomenon being studied.

Objective The goals of this article are the brief review of the forms of fixation and analysis of the constitutional principles of federation structure in Brazil, India and Russia as the BRICS member states. The key federative structure principles of division of the subjects of jurisdiction between the federation and its subjects is being considered in detail. The principles and procedure for the formation of the authorities of the three states in the context of their federal structure have been analyzed.

Methods The methodological basis of this research is mainly based on the comparative-legal method of scientific research. The methods of system and structural-functional analysis and classification have been also employed.

Conclusions and Relevance The results of the study revealed similarities and differences in the legal regulation of the three state federative structure constitutional principles. In particular, the principles establish an ultra-rigid level of centralization of India and a relatively moderate degree of centralization of federations in Brazil and Russia. The suggestion to fix in the Article 66 of the Russian Constitution the provisions on the principles and methods of empowering of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation has been made.

Keywords: federative structure, federative structure constitutional principles, division of authority, comparative-law analysis, Brazil, India, Russia, BRICS.

JEL classification: К19.

 

References:

  1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation1993.
  2. Constitution for the Argentine Nation1853.
  3. Constitution of India 1949.
  4. Constitution of United Arab Emirates1971.
  5. Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil1988.
  6. Provisional Constitution of the Somali Republic2012.
  7. The concept of the Russian Federation’s participation in the BRICS (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on February 9, 2013) // URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/17715 (reference date: March 15, 2017).
  8. Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 21.07.2014 № 11-FKZ «On the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation» // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. № 163. 07.23.2014.
  9. Federal Law № 184-FZ of 06.10.1999 «On General Principles for the Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation» // Rossiyskaya Gazeta № 206. 19.10.1999.
  10. Zametina T.V. Realization of the constitutional principles of the Russian federalism and the problems of formation of common legal framework of the Russian Federation [Realizatsiya konstitutsionnyih printsipov rossiyskogo federalizma i problemyi formirovaniya edinogo pravovogo prostranstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii] // Vestnik SGYuA. 2012. #4 (87) p. 49-55[in Russian].
  11. Kuznetsova S.S. Centralization in India and the Constitutional Law status of States’ governmental bodies [Tsentralizatsiya v Indii i konstitutsionno-pravovoy status organov gosudarstvennoy vlasti shtatov] // Russian law: Education. Practice. Science.[Rossiyskoe pravo: Obrazovanie. Praktika. Nauka]. 2014. #2 (83). p.95-102.
  12. Semenovskiy I.D. Several aspects of state-territorial system of modern federal states [O nekotoryih osobennostyah gosudarstvenno-territorialnogo ustroystva sovremennyih federativnyih gosudarstv] // Constitutional and Municipal Law [Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipalnoe parvo]. 2017. # 2. p. 38-41.
  13. Umnova I.A. Constitutional foundations of modern Russian federalism. [Konstitutsionnyie osnovyi sovremennogo rossiyskogo federalizma]. dis.. d-ra yurid. nauk. – M. 1997. – 398 p.
  14. Farukshin A.M. Constitutional Court positions on some Russian federalism matters. [Pravovyie pozitsii Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii po nekotoryim voprosam rossiyskogo federalizma] // Uchen. zap. Kazan. un-ta. Ser. Gumanit. nauki. 2008. #7. p. 95-108
  15. The World Economic Outlook (WEO) database // URL: www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/index.aspx (reference date: 15.03.2017).
  16. The World in 2050. Will the shift in global economic power continue? February 2015 // URL: http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf. (reference date: 15.03.2017).

 

23

Vladislav O.Kravchenko

Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Institute of the Prosecutor’s Office, training program of the Legal Support of National Security, Moscow (E-mail: vokravchenk@gmail.com)

The inadmissibility of rights abuse as a constitutional law principle in context of the constitutionalization process

Abstract

Subject The present paper deals with the phenomenon of the constitutionalization in its three aspects and its link with the principle of inadmissibility of rights abuse. The main goals of the research are to analyze the civil law principle of inadmissibility of rights abuse, to interpret the relevant legal rule (namely Constitution part 3 article 17), to discover the influence of the constitutionalization processes on law principles from theoretical point of view.

Metodology Within the conducted research the following methods were used: analysis, formal logical, comparative etc.

Conclusions and Relevance. Such constitutionalization aspects as a process, a tendency and a legal system characteristic have been analyzed. The constitutionalization tendency of legal systems is highlighted. The definition of this term is given. The phenomena of the constitutionalization of law, constitutionalization of common legal principles and constitutionalization of judicial practice are noticed as autonomous ones. The interpretation of the Constitution of the RF part 3 article 17 is given both in expansive and restrictive ways in order to prove the constitutional meaning and significance of the principle of inadmissibility of rights abuse. The possibility of legal interests’ protection instead of only human rights protection is concluded. It is also concluded that the principle of inadmissibility of rights abuse is an constitutional one and it has significance for the whole legal system.

Keywords: constitutionalization, human rights, abuse of rights, law principle, legal interest.

References:

  1. Umnova (Konyuhova), Aleshkova (2016) – Umnova (Konyuhova) I.A., Aleshkova I.A. Implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation by courts of common jurisdiction: the issues of theory and practice [Primenenie Konstitucii Rossijskoj Federacii sudami obshchej yurisdikcii: aktual’nye voprosy teorii i praktiki: monografiya]. M.: RSUJ [RGUP], 2016. – 184 p. – P. 5, 27-32.
  2. Zor’kin (2012) – Zor’kin V.D. The Custitutional Court and the development of civil law [Konstitucionnyj sud i razvitie grazhdanskogo prava] // Russan judge [Rossijskij sud’ya], 2012. N 3. P. 5-13.
  3. The Constitutional Court Decision from 08.06.2010 to the case of Chaadaeva V. complaint on the Civil Code part 4 article 292 N 13-P [Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 08.06.2010 N 13-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti punkta 4 stat’i 292 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanki V.V. Chadaevoj»].

38

CIVIL LAW
 

Artem S. Dyukov

a postgraduate student of the Department of Civil Law, International Law Institute, judge assistant of the Arbitration Court of Moscow, 3rd class Counselor of Justice of the Russian Federation, Moscow (e-mail: artem.ond@mail.ru)

The legal nature of possessory protection

Abstract

Rationale The article presents the very essence of the protection of ownership bas a legal category. The analysis of the historical development of the doctrinal holdings of the matter studied is made, the status of the institute of the possessory interdicts in modern national law is condiered. The relations of property objects accessory have become the subject of research. The object of research is the definition of principles for the protection of ownership, the analysis of the law-enforcing approach on the issue of research and development design of the proposed regulatory consolidation of the regulated statutes.

Goals/objectives The author has focused on the review and analysis of judicial practice on the object of study of this article. During the study the existing need for generalization and development of a unified position on the classification of the examined relations has been identified.

Methodology The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of current judicial practice, its generalization, the establishment of singularity of assessment of the investigated issue.

Conclusion The necessity of actual regulation of accessory relations in the Russian system of private law has been justified.

Keywords: property law, ownership, property, ownership, possession, holding the legal ownership, right of possession right to possession, the facticity of ownership, form of ownership, content ownership, the duality of ownership, qualifications of ownership, the legal category of possession, protection of possession, possessory security, interdict, self-defense.

 

References:

  1. Dosdev (2010) – Dozhdev D. V. Possession in the civil law system, “Bulletin of civil law” №1 [Vladenie v sisteme grazhdanskogo prava], 2010.
  2. Novitsky (2000) – Novitsky I. B. the Basics of Roman civil law [Osnovyi rimskogo grazhdanskogo prava]  Moscow, Zertsalo, 2000 p. 75.
  3. Vaskovsky – Vaskovsky E. V. Textbook of civil law, the Notion of ownership [Ponyatie vladeniya] http://civil.consultant.ru/elib/books/24/р._25.
  4. Annenkov – Annenkov K. N. The system of Russian civil law [Sistema russkogo grazhdanskogo prava] volume 2 page 566.
  5. Iering (1883) – Iering R. “On the basis of tenure protection” [Ob osnovanii zaschityi vladeniya] Moscow, 1883, p.55.
  6. Sklovsky (2010) – Sklovsky K. I. “Property in civil law” [Sobstvennost v grazhdanskom prave] 5th edition is revised, the Statute Moscow 2010 page 617.
  7. Sklovsky (2010) – Sklovsky K. I. “Property in civil law” [Sobstvennost v grazhdanskom prave] 5th edition is revised, the Statute Moscow 2010 page 619.
  8. Dosdev (2009) – Dozhdev D. V. Possession in the civil law system, “Bulletin of civil law” №4 [Vladenie v sisteme grazhdanskogo prava], 2009.
  9. Crassus (2017) – Crassus O. I. Land law [Zemelnoe pravo] 5th edition revised and enlarged, Norma Infra-M, Moscow, 2017 page 38.
  10. Nersesyants (2000) – Nersesyants V. S. “Political and Legal values: History and present” [Politiko – Pravovyie tsennosti: Istoriya i sovremennost] editorial URSS, Moscow, 2000, pр. 226-240.
  11. Dozhdev (2016) – Dozhdev D. V. Textbook “Roman private law” [Rimskoe chastnoe pravo]  ed. Norma, Moscow, 2016 p.212.
  12. Dozhdev (2016) – Dozhdev D. V. Textbook “Roman private law” [Rimskoe chastnoe pravo]  ed. Norma, Moscow, 2016 p.625.
  13. Dozhdev (1996) – Dozhdev D. V. the Basis of the protection of possession in Roman law [Osnovanie zaschityi vladeniya v Rimskom prave], Moscow, 1996, pp. 212-213.
  14. Dozhdev (1996) – Dozhdev D. V. the Basis of the protection of possession in Roman law [Osnovanie zaschityi vladeniya v Rimskom prave], Moscow, 1996, p. 217.
  15. Dozhdev (1996) – Dozhdev D. V. the Basis of the protection of possession in Roman law [Osnovanie zaschityi vladeniya v Rimskom prave], Moscow, 1996, pp. 217-218.
  16. Dosdev (2010) – Dozhdev D. V. Possession in the civil law system, “Bulletin of civil law” №1 [Vladenie v sisteme grazhdanskogo prava], 2010.
  17. Dosdev (2009) – Dozhdev D. V. Possession in the civil law system, “Bulletin of civil law” №4 [Vladenie v sisteme grazhdanskogo prava], 2009.
  18. Koretsky (1985) – Koretsky V. M. “sachsenspiegel” [Saksonskoe zertsalo] Moscow “Nauka”, 1985, p. 236.
  19. Koretsky (1985) – Koretsky V. M. “sachsenspiegel” [Saksonskoe zertsalo] Moscow “Nauka”, 1985, p. 253.

 

44

Alexey V. Sereda

Deputy Head, International Cooperation Department, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow(Е-mail: alvsereda@fa.ru)

 

The analysis of the law enforcement practices of the cryptocurrencies’ transactions

Abstract 

Rationale This article deals with the first law enforcement experience of Russian courts in the process of settling the disputes arise in the sphere of cryptocurrencies’ transactions.

Objective.
The main goal of this study is to summarize the Russian court practices of legal regulation of the cryptocurrencytransfers and to justify the necessity of such a regulation mechanisms formulation in Russian legislation.

Methodology
Within the study conducted such general research methods as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction and such private research methods as the formal-legal method have been employed.

Conclusions and Relevance
Despite having some law enforcement acts allowing to obtain the cryptocurrency as a propertyand to use it within the contract commitments, most of the Russian courts do not recognize virtual currency as an object of a right and do not adjudicate the disputes concerning its employment. At the same time the fact of validation of contract providing cryptocurrency extension testifies the possibility of judicial consideration of such cases by national state arbitrage courts, however in terms of lack of official clarification by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation it is unavailable to provide the harmonization of law enforcement practices.
The cryptocurrency is not regarded as a legal tender according to the absolute majority of national legislation worldwide, however it could be used within the cashless transactions providing the compliance of anti-money laundering regulations. At the same time, current Russian legislation does not contain any regulations allowing or prohibiting the virtual currencies usage within the payment relations. This legal gap causes the exception of a sizable group of legal relations concerning the creation, acquisition and usage of cryptocurrencies from the legal regulation which therefore spawns legal uncertainties and perplexes the process of law-enforcement, compelling the judicial bodies to either create new legal norms or to settle the disputes on the basis of current general legal regulations. In the opinion of the author it is necessary to capture the notion of “cryptocurrency” in Russian legislation and to formulate the complicated mechanism of its’ legal regulation.

Keywords:
cryptocurrency, bitcoin, virtual currencies, currency circulation, law enforcement practices.

References

1.  OpredelenieArbitrazhnogosudaVologodskojoblastiot 06 oktjabrja 2016 g. podelu № A13-3814/2016 [Electronic resource] // Available at: http://kad.arbitr.ru/PdfDocument/22a3c75e-75af-4721-8d42-fcd92bd933d9/%D0%9013-3814-2016__20161006.pdf?download=true (accessed on: 18.05.2017).

2.  PrigovorSovetskogorajonnogosudagorodaCheljabinskaot 27 oktjabrja 2016 g. podelu № 1-382/2016 [Electronic resource] // Available at: http://sudact.ru/regular/doc/CNwIr8LAh1WQ/ (accessed on: 19.05.17).

3.  P.p. 1 i 3 informacionnogopis’maPrezidiuma VAS RF ot 24 sentjabrja 2002 g. N 69 “Obzorpraktikirazreshenijasporov, svjazannyh s dogovorommeny” [Electronic resource] // “Vestnik VAS RF”. – 2003. – №1.The access brought by reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.

4.  Savel’ev, A.I. Jelektronnajakommercija v Rossii i zarubezhom: pravovoeregulirovanie [Electronic resource] / Savel’ev A.I. – 2-e izdanie – M.: Statut – 2016 – 639 s. The access brought by reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.

5.  P.1 informacionnogopis’maPrezidiuma VAS RF ot 21.12.2005 N 103 «Obzorpraktikiprimenenijaarbitrazhnymisudamistat’i 414 Grazhdanskogokodeksa RF» [Electronic resource] // “Vestnik VAS RF”. – 2006. – №4.The access brought by reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.

6.  OpredelenieArbitrazhnogosudaTjumenskojoblastiot 22 ijunja 2016 godapodelu № A70-15360/2015 [Electronic resource] // Available at: http://kad.arbitr.ru/PdfDocument/864bd690-2fe9-42b9-a936-848d466f2baf/%D0%9070-15360-2015__20160622.pdf?download=true (accessed on: 18.05.17).

7.  ReshenieNev’janskogogorodskogosudaSverdlovskojoblastiot 30 sentjabrja 2014 g. podelu N 2-978/2014 [Electronic resource] // Available at: https://bits.media/images/news/15.01.2015/bitcoin.pdf (accessed on: 18.05.17).

8.  «SudEkaterinburgaotmenilreshenie o blokirovke Bitcoin sajtov» [Electronic resource] // Available at: https://bits.media/news/sud-ekaterinburga-otmenil-reshenie-o-blokirovke-bitcoin-saytov-i-priznanii-informatsii-o-kriptovalyu/ (accessed on: 18.05.17).

9.  ReshenieAnapskogogorodskogosudaot 25 fevralja 2016 g. podelu № 2-869/2016 [Electronic resource] // Available at: http://sudact.ru/regular/doc/rx4FGJP63uUK/ (accessed on: 19.05.17).

10.   ReshenieZheleznodorozhnogorajonnogosudagorodaKrasnojarskaot 27 ijulja 2016 g. podelu № 2-4298/2016 [Electronic resource] // Available at: http://sudact.ru/regular/doc/hmr08YWCKOoJ/ (accessed on: 19.05.17)

 

57

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
 

Yurii V. Stepanenko

Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, Professor of Department of Administrative Law and Process, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Academy of Law (MSAL), honored lawyer of the Russian Federation; chief research worker of VNII MVD of Russia; Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mail: Stepanenko.50@mail.ru)

The code of the Russian federation on administrative offences: upgrade options

Аbstract

Subject This article deals with the public relations related to the search for the most optimal ways, forms and methods of modernization of the administrative and tort legislation of the Russian Federation. The main goal of the conducted study is to analyze the currently known attempts to streamline the administrative and tort legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as to develop alternative options for the upgrade of the Russian code on administrative offences.

Method The general dialectic method of scientific cognition has become the methodological basis of research whereas such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, description, comparison, analogy as well as method of comparative law and formal legal method have been employed.

Conclusions The study showed that the attempts to modernize the administrative-tort law by introducing new draft of the code of the Russian Federation on administrative offences and the code on administrative responsibility, which have been taken either by groups of deputies or individual deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, have not led to the desired result yet: the bills seem to “stuck” permanently in the responsible Committee of the State Duma. However, you can not take into account other options of improvement of the legislation on administrative offences, in particular by optimizing existing administrative code or adopting its new edition.

Keywords: Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offences, the draft Code of the Russian Federation on the administrative responsibility, administrative and tort legislation, administrative code.

JEL Classification: K23

References:

  1. Stepanenko Y.V. Project code of the Russian Federation about administrative offences (General part): another “single shot” or is it in purpose? // Administrative law and process, 2015, № 7. S. 15-20.
  2. Avdeiko, A.G. Some questions of modernization of legislation on administrative liability // Actual problems of administrative and administrative procedural law: materials of the annual all-Russian scientific-practical conference (Sorokin reading), March 20, 2015 In 3 parts. Part II. SPb. 2015. 12-13.
  3. Russian public initiative [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.roi.ru/11482 (date accessed: 12.02.2017).
  4. The civil code of France 1804 (General characteristics) [Electronic resource]. URL: http://studopedia.ru/14_36757_grazhdanskiy-kodeks-frantsii–g-obshchaya-harakteristika.html (date accessed: 13.02.2017).

65

EDUCATIONAL LAW
 

Sergey V.Aponitsky

Senior Lecturer, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mal: oper9000@yandex.ru)

Teymur E. Zulfugarzade

PhD in Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Law Disciplines, G.V. Plekhanov Russian Economic University, Moscow (E-mal: teymurz@yandex.ru)

The improvement of personnel legal training for the domestic economy

Abstract

Subject The present article deals with several approaches to definition of areas of legal training of personnel for the modern economy of the Russian Federation taking into account constantly increasing in volume information resources which quality and relevance could vary widely and prospects of computer software development in legal activities. This paper also presents the problematic issues of formation of legal awareness and cyber law training of the contemporary alumni of higher educational institutions. It is noted that the increase of the trainee consumer approach to the educational process reduces the quality of their training and requires mandatory adjustments, consistent with both the main directions of the implemented educational policy and the state requirements for educational institutions and potential employers.

Goals/objectives The main goal of the conducted research is to formulate the main approaches, aimed at further improvement of the legal training of personnel by the institutions of secondary professional and higher education for the needs of the economy of the Russian Federation.

Methodology The methodological basis of research includes the employment of universal methods of knowledge, general scientific methods, including systematic and logical method as well as the analysis, synthesis and analogy along with the specific methods such as the method of comparative law and formal legal method.

Conclusion Innovative methods and innovative approaches of a legal nature that are implemented in various spheres of economic and enforcement activities, are being expedient to be introduced into the educational process at the stage of legal testing software, paying special attention to the formation of morality and a high level of awareness among graduates of educational organizations, combining the educational process with legal and computer training, necessarily contributing to the production of assessment of the level of their competence among the alumni.

Keywords: law, lawyer, legal training, human resources, improvement of modern economy, development.

 

References:

  1. The Arbitration procedure code of the Russian Federation, dated 24 July 2002. [Arbitrajniy processual’niy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federacii. ot 24 ijulia 2002g]. SZ RF. 2016. N 26 (Chast’ I). St. 3889. SZ the Russian Federation. 2016.
  2. The civil code of the Russian Federation, Part 1, dated 30 November 1994. [Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federacii. Chast’ 1 ot 30 nojabrja 1994g]. SZ RF. 1994. N 32. St. 3301. SZ the Russian Federation.
  3. Kane (2016) – Kane S. 10 Trends Reshaping the Legal Industry // Legal Careers. 2016. № 16. P. 21-27.
  4. Koebler (2017) – Koebler J. Rise of the Robolawyers // The Atlantic. 2017. № 4. P. 51-77.
  5. Nichols (2017) – Nichols T. The Death of Expertise. Oxford University

 

74

BUSINESS LAW
 

Sergey V.Aponitsky

Senior Lecturer, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mail: oper9000@yandex.ru)

The mechanism for the implementation of pre-trial rehabilitation to restore solvency of the debtor-legal entity: problems of theory and practice

Abstract

Subject/theme In the article some approaches to the definition of “rehabilitation” from the prospects of rehabilitation aimed at prevention of bankruptcy and foreign influence or external financial support are studied. The problem of implementation mechanism of pre-trial rehabilitation to restore solvency of the debtor-legal entity has also been studied. It is noted that under the unstable situation in Russi the system of management of financial improvement processes of the legal entity requires special attention, because the matters related to sanitation have important theoretical and practical significance, which becomes particularly relevant.

Goals/objectives The main goal of the research is to formulate a complex representation about the realization mechanisms of pre-judicial sanitation for restoration of solvency of the debtor legal entity.

Methodology The methodological basis of research include universal methods of knowledge, such general scientific methods as systematic and logical method among with the analysis, synthesis and analogy. The special methods such as the method of comparative law and formal legal method have been also employed.

Conclusion The pre-judicial sanitation is undertaken in order to provide the enterprise with an opportunity to be saved from closing and pay off on debts. The studying of the specified procedures causes interest in the mechanism of financial improvement and its’ application as an alternative elimination within the bankruptcy proceedings.

Keywords: a legal person, the debtor, reorganization, insolvency, failure, bankruptcy, pre-trial rehabilitation.

JEL Classification: K20

 

References:

  1. The civil code of the Russian Federation, Part 1, dated 30 November 1994. [Grazhdanskij kodeks RF Chast’ 1 ot 30 nojabrja 1994g]. SZ RF. 05 dekabrja 1994. N 32. st. 3301.SZ THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 05 December 1994. N 32. Article 3301.
  2. Insolvency (bankrotstve): the Federal law of the Russian Federation dated 26.10.2002 № 127-FZ // Sz the Russian Federation. [O nesostojatel’nosti (bankrostsve): federal’nyj zakon RF ot 26.10.2002 № 127-FZ SZ RF. SZ RF. 28 oktjabrja 2002. N 43] st. 4190 SZ THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 28 October 2002. N 43. article 4190
  3. Korb (2016) – Korbu Ju.I. pre-trial reorganization as a measure of prevention of insolvency (bankruptcy) of legal entities. [Dosudebnaja sanacija kak mera preduprezhdenija nesostojatel’nosti (bankrotstva) juridicheskih lic. // V sbornike: O politiko-pravovoj modernizacii v gosudarstve: voprosy teorii i praktiki 2016. S. 154-156]. In the book: On the political and legal modernization in the state: the theory and practice of 2016. S. 154-156.
  4. Potapov (2016) – Potapov S.M. pre-trial reorganization as a measure to prevent bankruptcy. [Dosudebnaja sanacija kak mera preduprezhdenija bankrotstva. // V sbornike: innovacionnaja nauka i sovremennoe obshhestvo Sbornik statej Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Otvetstvennyj redaktor Sukiasjan A.A. 2015. S. 153-155]. In the book: innovative science and modern society a Collection of articles of International scientific-practical conference. Executive editor A. A. Sukiasyan . 2015. P.153-155.
  5. Help by results of generalization of judicial practice on disputes connected with the implementation of the debtor’s property in bankruptcy proceedings. [Spravka po rezul’tatam obobshhenija sudebnoj praktiki po sporam, svjazannym s realizaciej imushhestva dolzhnika v procedurah konkursnogo proizvodstva] // Arbitration court of the Vologda region. [Arbitrazhnyj sud Vologodskoj oblasti]. URL: http://vologda.arbitr.ru/welcome/show/633200027/830 (date accessed: 01.04.2017)

 

87

Alexey А. Terenichenko

PhD of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mail: terenichenko@yandex.ru)

Legal regulation of investors 'access to the securities markets of the EAEU

Abstract

Rationale In the activities of the modern securities market of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), investors and issuers benefit from joint actions. However, there are many questions on the problem of their mutual access to the securities markets. Therefore, the issue of finding ways to harmonize the relevant legislation for the EAEU member states and identify problems in this area is relevant.

Subject The purpose of this article is to carry out a comparative analysis of some provisions of the regulatory legal base of the EAEU member states on mutual access of issuers and investors to the securities markets with international treaties in force within the framework of the EAEU and the strategic goals of forming an economic union. The stated goal of the work stipulates the need for the formulation and solution of the following tasks: 1) to identify the legal features of the securities market of the EAEU member countries; 2) to identify the problems that arise in the process of integration and convergence of the securities markets of the EAEU member countries in the issues of access of issuers and investors to Securities markets, 3) to develop ways to harmonize the regulatory framework of Russia and other EAEU member countries in the regulation of mutual access of issuers and investors to the securities markets.

Methodology During the conducted research the author employed the method of comparative analysis to determine the most promising areas of development of the securities markets and the stock markets of the EAEU as a way of harmonizing the regulatory legal base of Russia and other EAEU member countries in this area.

Conclusions The author concludes that such areas include the harmonization of legislation on the securities market, the provision of unified conditions for access to the exchange markets of the EAEU, the recognition of national licenses, the legalization of the rights of market participants, the development of unified approaches to protection against risks, ensuring the transparency of markets in the light of the fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism, the creation of a single regulator and oversight system. The results of the work are of interest for further research on the problems of integration of the securities market of the EAEU members and can be used in the educational process of universities when developing materials on the discipline of “Comparative Law, Securities Market (Financial Law)”.

Keywords: Legal regulation, issuers, investors, national securities markets, the Eurasian Economic Union, licensing, participants in financial markets, supervision of financial markets.

JEL classification: K 22

 

References:

  1. Davtyan T. It is necessary to create opportunities for free movement of capital [Nado sozdat’ vozmozhnosti dlya svobodnogo dvizheniya kapitala], Interview with the Director of the ECE Financial Policy Department. The site of the Eurasian Economic Commission [Interv’yu direktora Departamenta finansovoi politiki EEK. Sait Evraziiskoi ekonomicheskoi komissii] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/14-02-2017-120506.aspx [in Russian]
  2. Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union [Dogovor o Evraziiskom ekonomicheskom soyuze] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://mvd.gov.by/imgmvd/dgim/e1.pdf [in Russian]
  3. The UNECE continues to work on the integration of the securities market in the EAEU [EEK prodolzhaet rabotu po integratsii rynka tsennykh bumag v EAES] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/12-07-2016-9.aspx [in Russian]
  4. The Law of the Kyrgyz Republic “On the Securities Market” of July 24, 2009, No. 251 (as amended and supplemented), [Zakon Kyrgyzskoi respubliki «O rynke tsennykh bumag» ot 24 iyulya 2009 goda № 251 (s izm. i dop.)] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-en/202677/40?cl=en-us [in Russian]
  5. Law of the Republic of Belarus on January 5, 2015 No. 231-3 “On the Securities Market”, [Zakon Respubliki Belarus’ 5 yanvarya 2015 g. №231-3 «O rynke tsennykh bumag»] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://kodeksy-by.com/zakon_rb_o_rynke_tsennyh_bumag.htm [in Russian]
  6. Law of the Republic of Armenia “On the Securities Market” dated October 11, 2007 (amended and supplemented), [Zakon Respubliki Armeniya «O rynke tsennykh bumag» ot 11 oktyabrya 2007 goda (s izm. i dop.)] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1762&lang=eng [in Russian]
  7. The Law of Armenia “On Commodity Exchanges”, [Zakon Armenii «O tovarnykh birzhakh»] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1747&lang=eng [in Russian]
  8. On the results and prospects of the socio-economic development of the EEC member states and the measures taken by the member states in the field of macroeconomic policy. 2016, [Ob itogakh i perspektivakh sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya gosudarstv-chlenov EES i merakh, predprinyatykh gosudarstvami-chlenami v oblasti makroekonomicheskoi politiki. 2016] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-ru/01210017/clco_07042016_att.pdf [in Russian]
  9. The Federal Law “On Organized Trades” of November 21, 2011 N 325-FZ (last version), [Federal’nyi zakon «Ob organizovannykh torgakh» ot 21.11.2011 N 325-FZ (poslednyaya redaktsiya)] – Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121888/ [in Russian]

 

96

ROMAN LAW
 

Tatiana B. Gvozdeva

PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate professor, Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activity, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow (E-mail: tbgvozdeva@rambler.ru)

Offences on the funeral games in Homer's Iliad

Abstract

Rationale The funeral games were the earliest type of athletic competitions of Ancient Greece prior to the Olympic Games. Although they were private by nature, they emerged as principal events, which then became a part of the Olympic Games, and the principles of organization as well as the first rules of refereeing. Moreover, it is also interesting to note the first cases of offence in sports in the description of the funeral games in Homer’s Iliad.

Objective  The main goal of this article is to analyze offenses committed in the funeral games in Homer’s epics «Iliad».

Methodology The methodological basis of the present research stated in the analysis of the heroic epic of Homer «Iliad», describing the funeral games in memory of Patroclus as well as the classification of offenses games.

Conclusions and Relevance The study identified three types of offences in the funeral games organized by Achilles. The first kind of offences connected with the dishonest tactics used by some of the contestants. The second type of crime is linked with the will of the Olympian gods, ruling not only the military deeds of the epic heroes, but also their sports victories. The third type of offences is linked with the personality of the organizer of the games, Achilles, who often modifies rules which were earlier established himself.

Keywords: the funeral games, Olympic games, chariots, Homer, Achilles, Patroclus, doping

JEL classification: K10

References:

  1. Gvozdeva (2007) – Gvozdeva T.B. The military aspects of the Panathenaic festival [Voennye aspekty panafinejskogo prazdnika], Antiquitas Aeterna. Vol. 2 Saratov, 2007. P. 220–240. [in Russian]
  2. Gvozdeva (2013) – Gvozdeva T.B. The Olympic games of antiquity (from myth to history) [Olimpijskie igry antichnosti (ot mifa k istorii)]. M., 2013. [in Russian]
  3. Gvozdeva (2013) – Gvozdeva T.B. Awards at the Panathenaic games [Nagrady na Panafinejskih igrah], Bulletin of the Russian University of friendship of peoples. Series: General history [Vestnik rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Serija: Vseobshhaja istorija]. M., 2013b. No. 3. P. 85–95. [in Russian]
  4. Gvozdeva (2016) – Gvozdeva T.B. Olimpioniki online ancient Greece – «second after Heracles» [Olimpioniki drevnej Jellady – «vtorye posle Gerakla»], Bulletin of the Russian University of friendship of peoples. Series: General history [Vestnik rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Serija: Vseobshhaja istorija]. M., 2016. No. 4. P. 59–72. [in Russian]
  5. Zhavoronkov (2011) – Zhavoronkov A.G. Mind, knowledge, and cunning in song XXIII of the «Iliad»: Nestor, Menelaus and antilog [Razum, znanie i hitrost’ v XXIII pesni «Iliady»: Nestor, Antiloh i Menelaj], Aristeas. Bulletin classical Philology and ancient history [Aristej. Vestnik klassicheskoj filologii i antichnoj istorii]. Vol. III. M., 2011. P. 17–29. [in Russian]
  6. Shanin (2001) – Shanin Yu.V. Olympia. Ancient history of athleticism [Olimpija. Istorija antichnogo atletizma]. SPb., 2001. [in Russian]
  7. Iansina (2014) – Iansina E.V. Ancient struggle. Experience interpreting Greek and Latin sports terms [Antichnaja bor’ba. Opyt interpretacii grecheskih i latinskih sportivnyh terminov], Bulletin of ancient history [Vestnik drevnej istorii]. 2014. No. 1. P. 102–131. [in Russian]
  8. Kelly (2016) – Kelly A. Akhilleus in control? Managing oneself and others in the Funeral Games // Bassino, P., Canevaro, L. G. & Graziosi, B. (eds.), Conflict and Consensus in early Greek hexameter poetry. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  9. Lohmann (1992) – Lohmann D. Homer als Erzähler: die Athla in 23. Buch der Ilias // Gymnasium. 1992. № 99. P. 289–313.
  10. Scodel (2008) – Scodel R. Epic Facework: Self-presentation and Social Interaction in Homer. Swansea, 2008.
  11. Wilson (2002) – Wilson D.F. Ransom, Revenge and Heroic Identity in the Iliad. Cambridge, 2002.

 

108